Annatto seeds as Antioxidants Source with Linseed Oil for Dairy Cows.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of annatto seeds, linseed oil and their combination on DMI, apparent total tract digestibility, antioxidant capacity and milk composition of dairy cows. Four lactating Holstein cows (120 ± 43 days in milk; 15.98 ± 2.02 kg of milk/day, mean ± SD) were allocated in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (with or without annatto seeds at 15 g/kg of dry matter (DM); with or without linseed oil at 30 g/kg of DM) and provided four different diets: control (no annatto seeds or linseed oil); annatto seeds (15 g/kg of DM); linseed oil (30 g/kg of DM); and a combination of both annatto seeds and linseed oil. Annatto seeds reduced DM intake, and milk yield, protein and lactose, but increased content of fat, total solids and short chain fatty acid, with no effect on total antioxidant capacity of milk. Linseed oil supplementation decreased medium chain fatty acid proportion and n-6/n-3 ratio, conversely it increased long chain fatty acids and n-3 fatty acid content of milk, ether extract intake and total-tract digestibility. Thus, linseed oil supplementation in dairy cow diets improved the milk FA profile but decreased milk fat concentration, whereas annatto seeds did not influence antioxidant capacity and depressed feed intake and milk yield.

A new technique for repeated biopsies of the mammary gland in dairy cows allotted to Latin-square design studies.

The objective of this study was to develop a technique for carrying out repeated biopsies of the mammary gland of lactating dairy cows that provides enough material to monitor enzyme activities and gene expression in mammary secretory tissue. A total of 16 Holstein cows were subjected to 4 mammary biopsies each at 3-week intervals for a total of 64 biopsies. A 0.75-cm incision was made through the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the mammary gland and a trocar and cannula were inserted using a circular motion. The trocar was withdrawn and a syringe was plugged into the base of the cannula to create a vacuum for sampling mammary tissue. To reduce bleeding, hand pressure was put on the surgery site after biopsy and skin closure and ice was applied for at least 2 h after the biopsy using a cow bra. The entire procedure took an average of 25 min. Two attempts were usually enough to obtain 800 mg of tissue. Visual examination of milk samples 10 d after the biopsy indicated no trace of blood, except in samples from 2 cows. All wounds healed without infection and subcutaneous hematomas resorbed within 7 d. There was no incidence of mastitis throughout the lactation. This technique provides a new tool for biopsy of the mammary gland repeated at short intervals with the main effect being a decrease in milk production. Although secondary complications leading to illness or death are always a risk with any procedure, this biopsy technique was carried out without complications to the health of animals and with no incidence of mastitis during the lactation.

Cette étude a été conduite avec l'objectif de décrire une technique pour laquelle les biopsies de la glande mammaire des vaches laitières en lactation sont répétées. Un total de 16 vaches Holstein ont été soumises chacune à 4 biopsies de la glande mammaire à un intervalle de 3 semaines pour un total de 64 biopsies. Une incision de 0,75 cm a été faite à travers la peau et le tissu sous-cutané de la glande mammaire, et un trocart et une canule ont été insérés en utilisant un mouvement circulaire. Le trocart a été retiré et une seringue a été attachée à la base de la canule pour créer un vacuum afin d'échantillonner le tissu mammaire. Afin de réduire le saignement, une pression manuelle a été appliquée sur le site de la chirurgie après la biopsie et la suture de l'incision de la peau, et de la glace a été appliquée pour au moins 2 h après la biopsie en utilisant une brassière pour vache. La procédure entière a exigé une moyenne de 25 min et deux essais ont habituellement été suffisants pour obtenir 800 mg de tissu. Un examen visuel des échantillons de lait n'ont indiqué aucune présence de sang 10 jours après la biopsie sauf pour deux vaches. Les plaies ont toutes guéries sans infection, et les hématomes sous-cutanés se sont résorbés à l'intérieur d'une période de 7 jours. Il n'y a eu aucune incidence de mammite durant la lactation. Cette technique décrit un nouvel outil de biopsie de la glande mammaire répété à de courts intervalles où l'effet principal a été une baisse de la production laitière. Bien que les complications secondaires entrainant la maladie ou la mort soient toujours un risque avec toute procédure, cette technique de biopsie a été faite sans complications pour la santé des animaux et il n'y a eu aucune incidence de mammite durant la lactation.(Traduit par les auteurs).

Effect of abomasal or ruminal administration of citrus pulp and soybean oil on milk fatty acid profile and antioxidant properties.

Soybean oil (SBO) is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) and rumen bypass of SBO can contribute to increase the polyunsaturated FA proportion in milk fat. Citrus pulp (CPP) is a source of antioxidants but there is little information on the effects of CP administration on milk properties. This study was performed to determine the role of rumen microorganisms in the transfer of antioxidants from CPP into milk when cows receive SBO as a source of polyunsaturated FA. Four ruminally fistulated lactating Holstein cows were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: (1) SBO administered in the rumen; (2) SBO infused in the abomasum; (3) SBO + CPP administered in the rumen; and (4) SBO + CPP infused in the abomasum. Product and site of administration had no effect on yield of milk components. Concentrations of total polyphenols and flavonoids, reducing power and production of conjugated diene (CD) hydroperoxides in milk were not affected by products, but infusion in the abomasum compared with administration in the rumen increased production of CD. Milk fat FA profile was not affected by products. However, cows infused in the abomasum compared with those administered in the rumen showed lower proportions of short-chain and monounsaturated FA and higher proportions of polyunsaturated, omega 3 and omega 6 FA in milk fat, which resulted in enhanced health-promoting index of milk. Administration of SBO and CPP (0.2 + 1.0 kg/d) in the rumen or the abomasum resulted in similar milk antioxidant properties, thus suggesting that the rumen microbes have little involvement in the metabolism of antioxidants from CPP.

Digestibility of canola seeds treated by autoclaving and/or condensed tannins / Digestibilidad de la canola tratada en autoclave y/o con taninos condensados / Digestibilidade de grãos de canola tratados em autoclave e/ou com tanino condensado

Background: plant proteins are susceptible to rapid degradation in the rumen therefore it is important to explore the best way to improve protein utilization. Objective: to evaluate the effect of heat treatment and/ or condensed tannins on ruminal degradability and in vitro digestibility of crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM) of canola seeds. Methods: in situ and in vitro DM and CP digestibility of canola seeds treated with water (control; CCL), heat in autoclave (CLE), condensed tannin (CTN), and condensed tannin followed by autoclaving (CTA) were evaluated. Results: the DM effective degradability values (EDDM) by CCL, CLE, CTN, and CTA were 66.8%, 73.6%, 58.5%, and 77.5%, respectively. Effective degradability of crude protein (EDCP) by CCL, CLE, CTN, and CTA at a 5%/h passage rate (k) was 75.2, 77.2, 60.2, and 80.5%, respectively. Addition of condensed tannin and/or autoclaving reduced both DM and CP digestibility. Conclusions: treatment with condensed tannins protected canola seeds DM and CP from ruminal degradability, while treatment with heat or tannins combined with heat showed the opposite effect, increasing degradability of those fractions. Addition of condensed tannins and/or autoclaving decreased in vitro DM and CP digestibility.

Antecedentes: es importante estudiar la mejor manera de utilizar fuentes de proteínas vegetales, ya que son rápidamente degradadas en el rumen. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del tratamiento térmico y/o adición de taninos condensados sobre la degradabilidad ruminal y digestibilidad in vitro de la proteína bruta (PB) y la materia seca (MS) en granos de canola. Métodos: se evaluó la degradabilidad in situ y la digestibilidad in vitro de la MS y PB en granos de canola tratados con agua (control - CCL), térmicamente utilizando autoclave (CTE), taninos condensados (CTN), y taninos condensados seguido por autoclavado (CTA). Resultados: los valores de degradabilidad efectiva de la materia seca (DEMS) para CCL, CTE, CTN, y CTA fueron 66,8, 73,6, 58,5 y 77,5% respectivamente; y para la degradabilidad efectiva de la proteína bruta (DEPB ) fueron 75,2, 77,2, 60,2 y 80,5%, respectivamente -a una tasa de pasaje (k) de 5%/h. La adición de taninos condensados y/o tratamiento térmico provocó la reducción de los valores de digestibilidad, tanto de la MS como de la PB. Conclusiones: el tratamiento con taninos condensados protegió la MS y la PB de las semillas de canola de su degradación ruminal. Los tratamientos con calor húmedo y asociación taninos más calor mostraron el efecto contrario, promoviendo el aumento de la degradabilidad ruminal de esas fracciones. La adición de taninos condensados y/o el autoclavado resultaron en menores valores de digestibilidad para la MS y PB.

Antecedentes: é importante estudar a melhor maneira de utilizar as fontes de proteína vegetal, uma vez que essas são normalmente degradadas no rúmen. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico e/ou a adição de tanino condensado sobre a degradabilidade ruminal in situ e a digestibilidade in vitro da proteína bruta (PB) e da matéria seca (MS) de grãos de canola. Métodos: avaliou-se neste trabalho a degradabilidade in situ e a digestibilidade in vitro da MS e PB de grãos de canola tratados com água (controle - CCL), termicamente em autoclave (CTE), tanino condensado (CTN) e tanino condensado seguido de autoclave (CTA). Resultados: os valores de degradabilidade efetiva da matéria seca (DEMS) para CCL, CTE, CTN e CTA foram 66,8; 73,6; 58,5 e 77,5% respectivamente, e para a degradabilidade efetiva da proteína bruta (DEPB) foram 75,2; 77,2; 60,2 e 80,5%, para taxa de passagem (k) igual a 5%/h. A adição de tanino condensado e/ou tratamento com autoclave provocaram a diminuição da digestibilidade, tanto da MS como da PB. Conclusões: concluiu-se que o tratamento com tanino condensado promoveu efetiva proteção da MS e PB dos grãos de canola frente à degradabilidade no rúmen. Já o tratamento com calor úmido e a associação tanino-calor, mostraram efeito contrário, promovendo aumento da degradabilidaderuminal dessas frações. A adição de tanino condensado e/ ou tratamento com autoclave diminuíram a digestibilidade da MS e da PB.