ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Melanin gives some natural protection against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation; however, excessive production of melanin causes skin hyperpigmentation. Depigmenting cosmetics can be used to control this process; however, depigmenting agents commonly used have some disadvantages, such as low bioavailability, photosensitization, cellular toxicity, and insolubility. Natural sources of melanogenic inhibitors have become important alternatives to synthetic ones. The objective of this review was to summarize the results of studies on natural extracts that have been reported in the literature to inhibit the process of melanogenesis, giving a view on their suitability for potential use in new cosmetic formulations for skin-lightening. DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature search was carried out using the descriptors: "melanogenesis", "tyrosinase", "tyrosinase inhibition", and "natural agents". STUDY SELECTION: Publications were selected based on our designated inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a total of 15 studies met these criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: The following were used in the review of each paper which met the criteria: the name of the plant (all of the natural extracts turned out to be from plants), the method used to obtain the plant extract, the method for evaluating anti-tyrosinase activity, the main results, and the conclusions. DATA SYNTHESIS: All evaluated natural agents demonstrated anti-tyrosinase effect. The species Leathesia difformis, Morus alba, Orostachys japonicus, Heracleum moellendorffii, Coix lacryma-jobi (adlay), Inula brittanica, and Gailardia aristata stood out from the others due to their application as potential inhibitors of more than three proteins related to melanogenesis, including the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, tyrosinase-related protein-2, and dopachrome tautomerase. CONCLUSION: The plants present an anti-tyrosinase effect that must be better explored in the new cosmetic formulations. The anti-melanogenic effects of the plant are mainly related to the presence of phenolic and antioxidant compounds.
OBJECTIF: La mélanine offre une certaine protection naturelle contre les effets nocifs des rayons ultraviolets ; cependant, une production excessive de mélanine provoque une hyperpigmentation cutanée. Les cosmétiques dépigmentants peuvent servir à contrôler ce processus ; cependant, les agents dépigmentants couramment utilisés présentent certains inconvénients, comme une biodisponibilité faible, une photosensibilité, une toxicité cellulaire et une insolubilité. Les sources naturelles d'inhibiteurs de la mélanogénèse sont devenues des alternatives importantes aux inhibiteurs synthétiques. L'objectif de cette revue était de résumer les résultats des études sur les extraits naturels signalés dans la littérature comme inhibant le processus de mélanogenèse, en donnant un aperçu de leur adéquation à une utilisation potentielle dans de nouvelles formulations cosmétiques pour l'éclaircissement de la peau. SOURCES DES DONNÉES: Une recherche systématique dans la littérature a été réalisée à l'aide des descripteurs : « mélanogenèse ¼, « tyrosinase ¼, 'inhibition de la tyrosinase ¼ et « agents naturels ¼. Sélection des études : Les publications ont été sélectionnées d'après nos critères d'inclusion et d'exclusion désignés et un total de 15 études remplissaient ces critères. EXTRACTION DES DONNÉES: Les éléments suivant ont été utilisés dans l'examen de chaque article répondant aux critères : le nom de la plante (tous les extraits naturels se sont avérés provenir des plantes), la méthode utilisée pour obtenir l'extrait végétal, la méthode d'évaluation de l'activité anti-tyrosinase, les principaux résultats et les conclusions. SYNTHÈSE DES DONNÉES: Tous les agents naturels évalués ont démontré un effet anti-tyrosinase. Les espèces Leathesia difformis, Morus alba, Orostachys japonicus, ,Heracleum moellendorffii, Coix lacryma-jobi (adlay), Inula brittanica, et Gailardia aristata se sont distinguées des autres en raison de leur application comme inhibiteurs potentiels de plus de trois protéines liées à la mélanogenèse, dont la protéine de liaison d'élément de réponse d'adénosine monophosphate cyclique, du facteur de transcription associé à la microphtalmie, la tyrosinase, la protéine liée à la tyrosinase-1, la protéine liée à la tyrosinase-2 et la dopachrome tautomérase. CONCLUSION: Les plantes présentent un effet anti-tyrosinase qui doit être exploré plus en profondeur dans les nouvelles formulations cosmétiques. Les effets inhibiteurs de la mélanogénèse des plantes sont principalement dus à la présence de composés phénoliques et antioxydants.
Subject(s)
Hyperpigmentation , Melanoma, Experimental , Animals , Melanins , Monophenol Monooxygenase , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Ultraviolet RaysABSTRACT
O preenchimento com ácido hialurônico por meio de caneta que o injeta com pressão a vácuo na região dos lábios popularizou-se por não usar agulhas, porém apresenta riscos como qualquer procedimento minimamente invasivo. Relatamos um caso de injeção de ácido hialurônico com esse dispositivo na região labial que teve, como consequência, uma suboclusão da artéria labial inferior. Sabe-se que o uso da pressão pode oferecer uma precisão menor do que os métodos já classicamente utilizados. Portanto, é importante alertar acerca dos riscos desse dispositivo que, apesar de não empregar agulhas, apresenta os mesmos riscos de complicações
Filling with hyaluronic acid using a pen that injects with vacuum pressure in the lips region became popular due to not using needles, but it presents risks like any minimally invasive procedure. We present a case of injection of hyaluronic acid with this device in the labial region, which resulted in a subocclusion of the inferior labial artery. It is known that the use of pressure can offer a lower precision than the methods already used classically. Therefore, it is important to warn about the risks of this device, which despite not using needles, presents the same risks of complications.
ABSTRACT
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) is a subtype of cutaneous lupus erythematosus that can be triggered by endogenous or exogenous factors. Among the exogenous factors are some medications, drugs, tobacco, infections, and vaccines. In this context, the benefits of vaccination are questioned because although it is important to prevent infections in immunosuppressed patients a theoretical risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains in these patients. This report presents a case of a previously healthy female patient who developed SCLE after measles vaccination and progressed to SLE and thereby suggests a possible trigger of the disease.
