ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the response of a nano-hydroxyapatite coating implant through gene expression analysis (runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), alkaline phosphatase (Alp), osteopontin (Opn), osteocalcin (Oc), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (Rank), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (Rank-L), and osteoprotegerin (Opg)). Three-dimensional evaluation (percent bone volume (BV/TV); percent intersection surface (BIC); bone surface/volume ratio (BS/BV); and total porosity (To.Po)) were also analyzed. Mini implants were surgically placed in tibias of both healthy and diabetic rats. The animals were euthanized at 7 and 30 days. Evaluating all factors the relative expression of Rank showed that NANO surface presented the best results at 7 days (diabetic rats). Furthermore the levels of Runx2, Alp, Oc, and Opn suggest an increase in osteoblasts proliferation, especially in early stages of osseointegration. %BIC in healthy and diabetic (7 days) depicted statistically significant differences for NANO group. BV/TV, BS/BV and To.Po demonstrated higher values for NANO group in all evaluated time point and irrespective of systemic condition, but BS/BV 30 days (healthy rat) and 7 and 30 days (diabetic rat). Microtomographic and gene expression analyses have shown the benefits of nano-hydroxyapatite coated implants in promoting new bone formation in diabetic rats.
Subject(s)
Bone Regeneration/drug effects , Coated Materials, Biocompatible/pharmacology , Durapatite/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Implants, Experimental , Nanoparticles , Osteogenesis/drug effects , X-Ray Microtomography , Animals , Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/biosynthesis , Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit/genetics , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental , Durapatite/therapeutic use , Male , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Nanoparticles/therapeutic use , Osseointegration , Osteocalcin/biosynthesis , Osteocalcin/genetics , Osteogenesis/genetics , Osteopontin/biosynthesis , Osteopontin/genetics , Osteoprotegerin/biosynthesis , Osteoprotegerin/genetics , RANK Ligand/biosynthesis , RANK Ligand/genetics , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Tibia/surgeryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the additional influence of multiple applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in smokers with chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty smokers with chronic periodontitis were treated in a split-mouth design study with aPDT adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing (SRP) or SRP. aPDT was performed by using a laser light source with 660 nm wavelength associated with a photosensitizer. The applications were performed in four episodes (at days 0, 2, 7, and 14). All patients were monitored for 90 days. Plaque index, probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing were performed at baseline, 30, and 90 days after the SRP. Gingival crevicular fluid and subgingival plaque samples were collected for immunological and microbiological analysis, respectively. Data obtained were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: aPDT as an adjunct to SRP did not demonstrate statistically significant advantages on clinical parameters when compared with SRP alone. No statistic significant differences between groups were observed (p < 0.05). Levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and bacterial species were comparable in both groups at day 90 after treatment. CONCLUSION: Periodontal treatment with SRP + aPDT in multiples episodes was not able to promote additional clinical, immunological, and microbiological benefits in smokers when compared SRP alone in patients with chronic periodontitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Multiple episodes of aPDT adjunctive to non-surgical treatment did not improve significantly the clinical, immunological, and microbiological parameters when compared with SRP alone. More randomized clinical trials are needed to evaluate adjuvant therapies for scaling and root planning in smokers with chronic periodontitis. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03039244.
