ABSTRACT
RATIONALE: A growing number of controlled clinical trials suggest that different second-generation antidepressants (SGA) may be effective in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD). OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of SGA in SAD and to investigate possible differences in their efficacy. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trials involving second-generation antidepressants in adult patients with SAD published on PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Current Controlled Trials databases until July 2009. Our analyses were based on changes in Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), and standardized mean difference (SMD). RESULTS: Twenty-seven controlled clinical trials, comprising ten different SGA, were selected. When comparing the reduction of LSAS scores, the group receiving active drugs showed a significantly greater reduction compared to those observed in the placebo group [pooled weighted mean -11.9 (IC 95% -14.5 to -9.4)]. The combined relative risk (RR) for the different drugs revealed a 62% increase in treatment response (final CGI ≤2) for those using SGAs, compared to those receiving placebo [RR 1.62 (95% CI 1.44-1.81)]. The combined SMD for the SGAs was -0.43 (IC 95% -0.49 to -0.37). CONCLUSION: Second-generation antidepressants are efficacious treatment for patients with SAD. However, our results do not suggest differences of efficacy among different drugs.
Subject(s)
Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/therapeutic use , Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy , Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/adverse effects , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Humans , Phobic Disorders/drug therapy , Phobic Disorders/psychology , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Social BehaviorABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The main characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance in a normal-appearing person or an excessive preoccupation with appearance in a person with a small physical defect. In this non-controlled study, our objective was to describe the socio-demographic, phenomenological, and long-term outcome features of a Brazilian sample of patients with BDD. METHODS: We performed a chart-review of the 166 patients who attended the Obsessions, Compulsions, and Impulsions Subprogram of the Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during the period between 1998 and 2005. RESULTS: Twenty patients (12%) had clinically significant BDD. This sample was characterized by a predominance of female (n = 11; 55%), single or divorced (n = 18; 90%), and economically unproductive patients (n = 17; 85%). We found an average of 2.5 current imagined defects per patient. The most frequently reported body parts of excessive concern were the overall appearance, size or shape of the face (n = 7; 35%), the skin (n = 6; 30%), the hair (n = 6; 30%), the nose (n = 5; 25%), and the body build and weight (n = 5; 25%). Most individuals exhibited a chronic condition (n = 13; 65%) and kept the same concerns during the course of the disorder (n = 12; 60%). All patients displayed compulsive behaviors, including recurrent mirror checking (n = 14; 70%), camouflaging (n = 13; 65%), reassurance seeking by means of repetitive questioning of others (n = 9; 45%), and excessive use of cosmetics (n = 7; 35%). Two patients reported "do-it-yourself" surgeries. Seven patients had current suicidal ideation (35%). Six patients (30%) showed no insight over their dysmorphic beliefs. Fifteen patients (95%) exhibited psychiatric comorbidities, mostly obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (n = 14, 70%) and major depressive disorder (n = 11; 55%). The majority of patients were treated naturalistically with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (n = 15; 75%), either solo or in association with antipsychotics (n = 10; 50%). Nevertheless, only 5 (25%) responded favorably to treatment during the long-term follow-up (CGI < or = 2). CONCLUSIONS: BDD is a severe disorder that is frequently associated with other psychiatric conditions and responds poorly to treatment in the naturalistic setting. No significant trans-cultural variations were identified in the comparison between Brazilian, North American, and European samples.
Subject(s)
Socioeconomic Factors , Somatoform Disorders/epidemiology , Brazil , Chronic Disease , Comorbidity , Compulsive Behavior/diagnosis , Compulsive Behavior/epidemiology , Compulsive Behavior/psychology , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/epidemiology , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychology , Retrospective Studies , Somatoform Disorders/diagnosis , Somatoform Disorders/psychologyABSTRACT
We compared sociodemographic characteristics and psychiatric status in obese Brazilian patients who did (n=32) and did not (n=33) meet DSM-IV criteria for binge-eating disorder (BED). The sample's mean age was 35.0 years (+/-10.5), with 92.3% of individuals being female and 41.5% having some higher education. Obese binge eaters (OBE) were significantly more likely than obese non-binge eaters to meet criteria for a current diagnosis of any axis I disorder, any mood disorder and any anxiety disorder. Specifically, OBE patients were characterized by significantly higher rates of current and lifetime histories of major depressive disorder. Similar to patients from developed countries, Brazilian patients with BED display increased rates of psychiatric comorbidity, particularly mood and anxiety disorders.
