Orofacial Manifestations of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Two Case Reports and a Scoping Review.

Purpose: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) results from the teratogenic effects of alcohol on the fetus. Oral manifestations are commonly found in FAS and contribute to the diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to provide a review of the literature and describe two cases of FAS.
Methods: Electronic searches were conducted in August 2021 in multiple databases. The cases of two children with FAS are reported.
Results: One hundred sixty-six articles were included. The oral features frequently reported were micrognathia, cleft palate, high arched palate, maxillary hypoplasia, prognathia and crowding. The first patient had systemic and orofacial changes, such as delayed physical and cognitive development, micrognathia, tooth impaction, malocclusion and enamel hypoplasia. The second child had cognitive, and speech and behavioral deficits, but no oral and dental abnormalities.
Conclusion: Dentists should be aware of clinical findings since they may take part in the diagnosis and management of FAS.

The in vitro effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on dental microcosm biofilms from partially erupted permanent molars: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) could enhance the prevention of dental caries lesions in pits and fissures of partially erupted molars, by killing microorganisms from complex dental biofilms. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) on the viability of specific microorganism groups of dental microcosm biofilms from occlusal surfaces of first permanent molars in eruption. METHODS: Dental microcosm biofilms grown on bovine enamel blocks, from dental plaque collected on occlusal surfaces of a partially erupted lower right first permanent molar, with McBain medium plus 1% sucrose in anaerobic condition at 37 °C for 72 h. The experiments were performed in eight groups: L-P- = no treatment (control), L18.75P- = 18.75 J/cm2 LED, L37.5P- = 37.5 J/cm2 LED, L75P- = 75 J/cm2 LED, L-P+ = 200 mM TBO, L18.75P+ = 200 mM TBO + 18.75 J/cm2 LED, L37.5P+ = 200 mM TBO + 37.5 J/cm2 LED, and L75P+ = 200 mM TBO + 75 J/cm2 LED. The counts of total microorganisms, total streptococci and mutans streptococci were determined on selective media agar plates by colony-forming units per mL. The log-transformed counts were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Dunn's test (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The counts of all microorganisms treated in the group L75P+ were statistically lower than those treated in L-P-. The aPDT promoted a significant reduction of microorganisms, with a trend of dose-dependent effect. CONCLUSION: TBO-mediated aPDT was effective in reducing the viability of specific microbial groups in dental microcosm biofilms originated from occlusal of permanent molars in eruption.

Behavior guidance techniques in Pediatric Dentistry: attitudes of parents of children with disabilities and without disabilities.

This study compared the parental acceptance of pediatric behavior guidance techniques (BGT). Forty parents of children without disabilities (Group A) and another 40 parents of children with disabilities (Group B) were selected. Each BGT was explained by a single examiner and it was presented together with a photograph album. After that parents evaluated the acceptance in: totally unacceptable, somewhat acceptable, acceptable, and totally acceptable. Results indicated that in Group A, the BGT based on communicative guidance was accepted by most participants. In Group B, just one mother considered totally unacceptable the voice control method and other two, tell-show-do. For both groups, the general anesthesia was the less accepted BGT. There was statistically significant difference in acceptance for protective stabilization with a restrictive device in Group B. Children's parents with and without disabilities accepted behavioral guidance techniques, but basic techniques showed higher rates of acceptance than advanced techniques.

Esthetic improvement following enamel microabrasion on fluorotic teeth: a case report.

Enamel microabrasion is a proven method of removing intrinsic and superficial defects from teeth, establishing esthetics with minimal loss of dental enamel. This article reports one case in which two different microabrasion techniques were used to remove fluorotic stains from teeth.