Evaluation of Immunobiological Cold Chain Costs.

Background and Purpose: Studies assessing the costs of the immunobiological cold chain (CC) are scarce. Therefore, the factors that influence the allocation of resources in this process are not known. The objective of this study is to determine the cost of the immunobiological CC. Methods: The Health Economic Assessment study was carried out in Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2021 and 2022. The unit of analysis was the municipal level of the CC. The perspective of the Public Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde) was considered as a funder, the year 2021 was considered as the time frame, and the period of 1 year was considered as the time horizon of the analysis. Direct medical, nonmedical, and indirect costs were included. A mixed technique was used involving micro- and macrocosting and sensitivity analysis to identify the influence of the main categories on the final cost. Results: The total cost was USD 20,014,545, with nonmedical direct costs being the most representative (61.24%). Human resources were the most influential items, representing 76.43% of the total cost. Conclusions: The most influential items should be those of greatest concern and planned by managers to make the CC more efficient.

Completude do esquema vacinal contra a hepatite B segundo registros de imunização / Completeness of immunization schedule against hepatitis B according to immunization records

Objetivo: Analisar a completude do esquema vacinal contra hepatite B (recombinante) de adultos em município de Minas Gerais, segundo registros de imunização no Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunização (SIPNI). Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico realizado a partir da base de dados do SIPNI, em 2019. Foram analisados 654 registros de pessoas vacinadas contra a hepatite B (recombinante). Resultados: Identificou-se que apenas 10,55% dos vacinados completaram o esquema vacinal contra hepatite B (recombinante). Indivíduos do sexo feminino apresentaram 3,23 vezes mais chances de ter esquema vacinal completo se comparados com o sexo masculino e aqueles com 50 anos e mais têm 2,77 vezes mais chances de ter esquema completo se comparados com indivíduos de 25 a 49 anos. O tempo médio para fechamento do esquema vacinal foi de 244 dias. Conclusão: O presente estudo apontou para uma baixa completude no esquema vacinal contra hepatite B.

Objective: To analyze the completeness of immunization schedule against hepatitis B (recombinant) of adults in the city of Minas Gerais, according to immunization records on the Information System of the National Immunization Program (SIPNI). Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study carried out based on data from the SIPNI, in 2019. There was the analysis of 654 records of individuals vaccinated against hepatitis B (recombinant). Results: Only 10.55% of the vaccinated completed the vaccination against hepatitis B (recombinant). Female subjects had 3.23 times more chances of completing vaccination schedule if compared to males and those aged 50 years or more have 2.77 times more chances of having full immunization schedule if compared to individuals aged from 25 to 49 years. The mean time for completion of the immunization schedule was 244 days. Conclusion: The present study pointed to a low completeness in the immunization schedule against hepatitis B.

Instrumento para avaliar o uso do prontuário eletrônico do cidadão da estratégia e-SUS Atenção Primária à Saúde / Instrumento para evaluar el uso de la historia clínica electrónica de la estrategia e-sus Atención Primaria de Salud / Instrument to assess the use of the electronic health record of the e-SUS Primary Health Care strategy

Objetivo: descrever a construção e a validação de um instrumento para avaliar o uso do Prontuário Eletrôni-co do Cidadão da Estratégia e-SUS Atenção Primária (e-SUS APS). Materiais e métodos:Trata-se de um estudo metodológico no qual foi construído um Modelo Lógico do Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão da Estratégia e-SUSAPS, que eviden-cia a necessidade de descrever a Estratégia e-SUS APS, possibilitan-do observar de maneira ampliada a assistência na Atenção Primária à Saúde, e compreender o Prontuá-rio Eletrônico do Cidadão. O Mode-lo Lógico baseou-se em: gestão do e-SUS APS e Prontuário Eletrônico do Cidadão. O Modelo foi essencial para subsidiar a elaboração das questões avaliativas. Na sequência, foi elabo-rado um instrumento e realizada a validação de conteúdo e de aparência, considerando os critérios de relevân-cia, objetividade e clareza, por meio da Técnica Delphi. Para a análise dos dados, foram calculados o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e a Razão de Validade de Conteúdo das questões. Resultados:a validade foi realiza-da por 16 juízes, em duas rodadas. O instrumento final consta de 30 ques-tões ­ seis referentes ao perfil pessoal; duas, ao perfil da unidade de saúde e 22 questões de avaliação do Prontuá-rio Eletrônico do Cidadão e-SUS APS. Conclusões: conclui-se que o instrumento foi considerado apro-priado. Satisfação, facilidade do uso, suporte técnico, capacitação e utili-zação dos relatórios gerados foram os itens elencados como os mais impor-tantes nas questões. O instrumento poderá promover melhor articulação da equipe multiprofissional por meio das informações inseridas no sistema.

Objetivo: describir la construcción y validación de un instrumento para evaluar el uso de la historia clínica electrónica de la estrategia e-SUS Atención Primaria (e-SUS APS). Materiales y métodos: estudio metodológico en el que se construyó un modelo lógico de la historia clínica electrónica de la estrategia e-SUS APS, señalando la necesidad de describir dicha estrategia a fin de observar de una manera más amplia la asistencia a servicios de atención primaria de salud y además comprender la historia clínica electrónica del ciudadano. El modelo lógico se basó en la gestión de la e-SUS APS y la historia clínica electrónica del ciudadano, convirtiéndose en una herramienta esencial para apoyar la elaboración de preguntas de evaluación. Además, se elaboró un instrumento y se realizó la validación de su contenido y apariencia ­considerando criterios de relevancia, objetividad y claridad­ por medio del método Delphi. Para el análisis de datos, se calcularon el índice de validez de contenido y la razón de validez de contenido de las preguntas. Resultados: la validez del instrumento fue evaluada por 16 jueces, en dos rondas. El instrumento final contiene 30 preguntas, de las cuales seis se refieren al perfil personal, dos al perfil de la unidad de salud y 22 a la evaluación de la historia clínica electrónica e-SUS APS. Conclusiones: el instrumento es considerado apropiado, siendo la satisfacción, la facilidad de uso, el soporte técnico, la capacitación y el uso de los informes generados los elementos considerados como los más importantes. Esta herramienta puede promover una mejor articulación del equipo multiprofesional a través de la información introducida en el sistema.

Objective: To describe the construction and validation of an instrument to evaluate the use of the electronic health record of the e-SUS Primary Care (e-SUS APS). Materials and methods: Methodological study that involved the construction of a logical model of the electronic health record of the e-SUS APS Strategy. Said model highlights the need to describe the e-SUS APS Strategy in order to observe primary health assistance in a broader scope and also understand users' electronic health records. The logical model was built based on the operation of the e-SUS APS and users' electronic health records, becoming an essential input to support the elaboration of evaluation questions. An instrument was elaborated from such model, evaluating its content and appearance ­considering the criteria of relevance, objectivity and clarity­ through the Delphi technique. Content validity index and content validity ratio of questions were calculated prior to data analysis. Results: The validity of the instrument was assessed by 16 judges in two rounds. The final instrument contains 30 questions, six of them referring to the personal profile, two to the profile of the health unit, and 22 to the evaluation of the electronic health record of the e-SUS APS. Conclusions: The instrument was considered appropriate, with satisfaction, ease of usage, technical support, training, and the use of reports being the most important elements. This tool could promote better articulation of multi-professional teams through the use of the information inserted in the system.

Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Immunobiological Agent Conservation Assessment Scale.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The cold chain of immunobiological agent conservation occupies a strategic position in the immunization system and, therefore, needs to be evaluated. This study psychometrically evaluated the Immunobiological Agent Conservation Assessment Scale (Escala de Avaliação da Conservação de Imunobiológicos-EACI). METHODS: Methodological study carried out in Minas Gerais, Brazil, including 275 immunization rooms, divided into three stages: (a) pilot study; (b) internal consistency and temporal reproducibility; (c) criterion validity and structural validity. RESULTS: The EACI items were analyzed for comprehension and clarity; presenting internally consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.72 [95% CI: 0.666-0.763]) and temporal reproducibility (ICC: 0.948 [95% CI: 0.911-0.981]), in addition to explaining 72% of the variance and discriminating the groups criteria (p = .0025). CONCLUSION: The EACI is psychometrically reliable and valid and is the first assessment instrument available for this construct.

Factors related to the adoption of the Brazilian National Immunization Program Information System.

BACKGROUND: One way to optimize the adoption and use of technological innovations is to understand how those involved perceive, assess and decide to use them. This study aims to analyze the attributes that influence the adoption and use of the Brazilian National Immunization Program Information System (NIPIS) from the perspective of vaccination room workers. METHODS: This is a mixed method research, and a quantitative cross-sectional analytical study, with concomitant triangulation of data, carried out in a region of Brazil by using the Diffusion of Innovation Theory. We used a questionnaire with 183 nursing professionals who work at vaccination rooms in 12 municipalities. To test the research model, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and SmartPLS 2.3.0 have been applied to estimate the model. The qualitative research had a descriptive-exploratory character, using interviews (n = 18) analyzed through thematic analysis. RESULTS: The model proposed showed a mean correlation between the perceived attributes in the adoption and use of NIPIS. The results of the multiple regression indicated that the attributes "relative advantage" and "image" have a significant effect at 5% level (T > 1.97), positively influence the adoption and use of NIPIS; the attribute "voluntary use" negatively influences the adoption and use of the system; the attributes "experimentation", "compatibility", "profitability", and "ease of use" did not influence the adoption and use of NIPIS. Emphasis has been placed on aspects that weaken the adoption and use of NIPIS such as lack of good quality internet and resistance to use the technology by some professionals. Workers perceive the importance of NIPIS for the municipality and point out that technological innovation provides data at an individual level, inserted in real time, which makes it possible to assess vaccination coverage. Lack of an unstable internet compromises data release due to system slowness. CONCLUSIONS: The mixed method allowed an in-depth analysis of the adoption and use of NIPIS in the Western Health Macroregion of Minas Gerais State, and similarities were observed in the results. The attribute "relative advantage" is the one that most influences the adoption and use of NIPIS, which is the strongest predictor of innovation adoption rate.

National Immunization Program Information System: implementation context assessment.

BACKGROUND: The National Immunization Program Information System (SIPNI - Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunização) in Brazil is a technological innovation management tool that enhances the performance of managers and health professionals in the evaluation and monitoring of immunization activities. In the country, the decentralization of the System is at an advanced stage, but it still faces challenges regarding its operation and use, impacting on its results. This study aims to evaluate the deployment of SIPNI in the state of Minas Gerais, in 2017. METHOD: Cross-section study performed in Primary Healthcare vaccination rooms in 54 municipalities in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, in 2017. A multidimensional questionnaire was used with nursing professionals who work in vaccination rooms, containing questions about the structure (presence of an internet-connected computer, instruction manual, software version, IT professional for technical support, trained healthcare professional, use of communication channels to obtain system information) and the process (activities performed by the staff to operate the immunization information system) of their work. Those questions refer to the components of the information system: system management, immunized-patient records, and Movement of Immunobiological. Implementation Degree (ID) was defined by a score system with different weights for each criterion, according to the importance level observed in it, with a rating of: adequate, partially adequate, inadequate and critically inadequate. For data analysis, median was used as the summary measure, and Pearson's Chi-Squared Test was used for proportion comparison. RESULTS: Municipal SIPNI is not adequately implemented and that results mainly from the actions performed in health service units, indicating problems in the use of technology by professionals working in vaccination rooms. The structure was better evaluated than the process, presenting IDs of 70.9 and 59.5%, respectively. Insufficient internet access, inadequate use of communication channels, and lack of professional qualification were some of the identified structural issues. "Movement of Immunobiological" was the best-ranked component (ID = 68.5%), followed by "immunized patient records" (ID = 59.3%) and "SIPNI management" (ID = 50.7%). Partial performance of SIPNI is independent of population size in the municipality and of FSH coverage. CONCLUSIONS: SIPNI is still an underutilized technological innovation. There are challenges that must be overcome, such as implementation of the final web version, internet connectivity, and capabilities aimed at the use of information generated by technology. Nevertheless, perspectives regarding SIPNI are positive, with functionalities to optimize activities in vaccination rooms.

Weaknesses of vaccine storage in Primary Healthcare Centers.

OBJECTIVE: assessment through qualitative approach of vaccine storage in Primary Healthcare Centers. METHOD: assessment study of qualitative approach in which 30 interviews were conducted with nurses, nursing technicians or assistants and technical reference in immunization, in 12 vaccine rooms that had 100% of the structural criteria evaluated. Recorded testimonials of the subjects were organized and analyzed using thematic Content Analysis. RESULTS: the assessment pointed to absence of knowledge on the parts of nurses and nursing technicians and assistants with respect to the effects of low temperature on vaccines. Barriers were also encountered in relation to the supervision of nurses in the vaccine room activities and in relation to the knowledge needed by workers to care for preservation of vaccines. CONCLUSION: vaccine storage is inadequate and may compromise the quality of the immunobiologicals dispensed to the populace.