ABSTRACT
Although some studies have shown neuroimaging and neuropsychological alterations in post-COVID-19 patients, fewer combined neuroimaging and neuropsychology evaluations of individuals who presented a mild acute infection. Here we investigated cognitive dysfunction and brain changes in a group of mildly infected individuals. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 97 consecutive subjects (median age of 41 years) without current or history of psychiatric symptoms (including anxiety and depression) after a mild infection, with a median of 79 days (and mean of 97 days) after diagnosis of COVID-19. We performed semi-structured interviews, neurological examinations, 3T-MRI scans, and neuropsychological assessments. For MRI analyses, we included a group of non-infected 77 controls. The MRI study included white matter (WM) investigation with diffusion tensor images (DTI) and functional connectivity with resting-state functional MRI (RS-fMRI). The patients reported memory loss (36%), fatigue (31%) and headache (29%). The quantitative analyses confirmed symptoms of fatigue (83% of participants), excessive somnolence (35%), impaired phonemic verbal fluency (21%), impaired verbal categorical fluency (13%) and impaired logical memory immediate recall (16%). The WM analyses with DTI revealed higher axial diffusivity values in post-infected patients compared to controls. Compared to controls, there were no significant differences in the functional connectivity of the posterior cingulum cortex. There were no significant correlations between neuropsychological scores and neuroimaging features (including DTI and RS-fMRI). Our results suggest persistent cognitive impairment and subtle white matter abnormalities in individuals mildly infected without anxiety or depression symptoms. The longitudinal analyses will clarify whether these alterations are temporary or permanent.
Subject(s)
Brain Diseases , COVID-19 , Cognitive Dysfunction , White Matter , Humans , Adult , Diffusion Tensor Imaging/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies , COVID-19/complications , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnostic imaging , Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology , Brain/diagnostic imaging , White Matter/diagnostic imaging , Memory Disorders , Fatigue/etiologyABSTRACT
Evidence indicates that reprogramming of metabolism is critically important for the differentiation of CD4 + T lymphocytes, and the manipulation of metabolic pathways in these cells may shape their fate and function. Distinct subgroups from T lymphocytes, such as Th17, adopt specific metabolic programmes to support their needs. Some important metabolic reactions, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, are considered important for the differentiation of these lymphocytes. Since their discovery nearly a decade ago, Th17 lymphocytes have received significant attention because of their role in the pathology of several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this review, it will be discussed as the involvement of T cell metabolism and as metabolic reprogramming in activated T cells dictates fate decisions to Th17. The involvement of nuclear receptors such as RORyt e PPARs in the induction of Th17 cells was also discussed. Understanding the metabolic pathways involved in the differentiation of the distinct subgroups of T lymphocytes helps in the design of promising therapeutic proposals.
Subject(s)
Multiple Sclerosis/immunology , Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism , Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors/metabolism , Th17 Cells/metabolism , Animals , Autoimmunity , Cell Differentiation , Cellular Reprogramming , Glycolysis , Humans , Lymphocyte Activation , Oxidative Phosphorylation , Th17 Cells/immunologyABSTRACT
El cáncer como factor de estudio en el escenario mundial, la transición epidemiológica y la incidencia de la enfermedad en países emergentes. Objetivo: hacer un levantamiento bibliográfico sobre los factores de riesgo asociados al cáncer de tiroides en mujeres. Material e Métodos: Fue realizada una búsqueda en el primer semestre del 2011 en la base de datos virtual Embase utilizando tres escritores en ingles thyroid cáncer, risk factors y women. La búsqueda fue reducida para artículos publicados en los años 2010 y 2011 y estudios controlados. Fueron seleccionados trece artículos y fueron incluidos diez. Resultados: Fue posible agrupar los factores de riesgo presentados en los estudios incluidos en tres grupos: factor ambiental (n = 4), fármaco o tratamiento utilizado (n = 3) y, por fin, características de los individuos y sus hábitos cotidianos (n = 3). Conclusión: Mujeres, bajo IMC, edad de inicio del cáncer, obesidad, tiroiditis de Hashimoto y hábito de alimentarse con un consumo excesivo de vegetales crucíferos, son factores de riesgo asociados al cáncer de la glándula tiroides...
The cancer study as a factor in the global scenario, the epidemiological transition and the incidence of disease in developing countries. Objective: To review the literature on risk factors associated with thyroid cancer in women. Methods: We performed a search in the first half of 2011 in virtual database EMBASE using three key-words in English: thyroid cancer, risk factors and women. The search was refined to articles published in the years 2010 and 2011 and controlled studies. We selected thirteen articles and ten were included. Results: Is possible cluster the risk factors presented in included studies into three groups: environmental factors (n=4), drug use or treatment (n = 3) and, finally, characteristics of individuals and their daily habits (n = 3). Conclusion: Women, low BMI, age at onset of cancer, obesity, Hashimotos thyroidits and eating habits with excessive consumption of cruciferous plants, are risk factors associated with thyroid cancer gland...
