Influencia de la gestación sobre el grado de exposición pasiva al humo de tabaco / No disponible

Objetivo: Conocer si la condición de gestante influye en el nivel de exposición pasiva al humo de tabaco ambiental. Muestra y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de gestantes ingresadas por parto vaginal en el Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra durante el año 2010 (antes de la instauración de la ley que prohíbe el consumo de tabaco en lugares públicos). Fueron estudiadas 87 mujeres que accedieron voluntariamente a participar en el estudio. A través de un cuestionario estructurado (ANEXO 1), se recogieron variables sociodemográfi cas, reconocimiento de consumo activo de tabaco y percepción subjetiva de exposición pasiva al humo de tabaco, antes y durante el embarazo. Se preguntó específicamente acerca de dicha exposición en el hogar, en el puesto de trabajo así como en lugares de ocio. Los cambios de exposición previa y durante la gestación se han comparado mediante la prueba de McNemar. Resultados: El 29,9% (26/87) de las encuestadas declararon ser fumadoras activas antes de quedar embarazadas. De éstas el 34,6 % refi rió haber dejado de fumar durante la gestación y de las que continuaron fumando, el 87,5% disminuyeron su consumo. Las gestantes percibían una reducción en la exposición pasiva al humo ambiental de tabaco en el hogar: 12,6% expuestas antes del embarazo versus 3,4% tras conocer que estaban embarazas (p= 0,008). También manifestaron una reducción signifi cativa en los lugares de ocio (previa: 52.7%, durante de la gestación: 31%, p<0,001). Aunque también percibían una reducción en sus lugares de trabajo, las diferencias no fueron signifi cativas. Conclusiones: En nuestro medio, las mujeres embrazadas perciben que la exposición pasiva al humo ambiental de tabaco en su hogar y en los lugares de ocio se reduce tras conocer su condición de gestante (AU)

Aim: To establish whether pregnancy affects the level of passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Sample and methodology: A descriptive study of patients admitted to the Navarra Hospital Complex for vaginal delivery during 2010 (before the enactment of the law forbidding the consumption of tobacco in public places). The 87 subjects participated voluntarily in the study. By means of a structured questionnaire (APPENDIX 1) sociodemographic variables were gathered: recognition of active tobacco consumption and subjective perception of passive exposure to tobacco smoke, during and before pregnancy. Specifi c questions related to exposure at home, in the workplace and at places of leisure. Changes in exposure levels before and during pregnancy were compared using the Mc- Nemar test. Results: 29% (26/87)of those questioned declared themselves active smokers before becoming pregnant. Of these 34.61% affi rmed that they had stopped smoking during pregnancy and of those who continued smoking, 87.5% reduced consumption. The subjects perceived a reduction in passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home: 12.6% having been exposed prior to pregnancy as against 3.4% after discovering themselves pregnant (p= 0.008). They also showed a reduction at places of leisure (before pregnancy 52.7%, during, 31%; p=0.001). Although reductions at the workplace were also perceived, the differences were not significant. Conclusions: In our context, pregnant women perceive a reduction in passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home and at their places of leisure once they become aware of pregnancy (AU)

¿Se reduce la exposición involuntaria al humo de tabaco durante el embarazo y el puerperio? / No disponible

No disponible

Evaluations, attributions, affect, and disciplinary choices in mothers at high and low risk for child physical abuse.

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated several components of a social information-processing model of child physical abuse. The main objective was to examine the extent to which high-risk, relative to low-risk, mothers differed in their evaluations, attributions, negative affect, and disciplinary choices for children's behavior, and to explore whether these differences may be expressed in interactions between risk status and mitigating information. METHOD: Nineteen high- and 19 matched low-risk mothers' evaluations of children transgressions, attributions, affect, and choices of disciplinary techniques were examined using six vignettes depicting a child engaging in moral, conventional, and personal transgressions. One-half of the vignettes contained mitigating information and one-half did not. High- and low-risk mothers were chosen based on their potential for physical child abuse. A three-factor (2 x 3 x 2) design was used to assess the dependent variables. RESULTS: As expected, high-risk, relative to low-risk, mothers reported more hostile intent, stable and global attributions, aversiveness, annoyance, and use of power-assertion discipline. A risk group by type of transgression interaction was found for evaluation and indifference and a risk group by mitigating information interaction was found for evaluation of wrongness, internal attributions, and aversiveness. A risk by type of transgression by mitigating information interaction was found for global/specific attributions, aversiveness, and indifference toward child transgressions. CONCLUSIONS: Results support a social information processing model of child physical abuse, which suggests that high-risk, compared to low-risk, mothers process child-related information differently and use more power-assertive disciplinary techniques.

Childhood history of abuse and child abuse potential in adolescent mothers: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this research was to determine whether adolescent mothers of newborns are at higher risk for child abuse than adult mothers of newborns and to examine whether adolescent mothers with memories of child maltreatment have a higher risk for child abuse. METHOD: Two groups (adolescents and adults) of pregnant mothers were followed for 20 months beginning between the 5th and the 7th month of pregnancy until the child was 18 months old. Adolescent (N = 24) and adult (N = 24) mothers were matched on sociodemographic variables. During pregnancy, memories of child maltreatment were evaluated. When child was 1, 6, 12, and 18 months old, risk for child abuse was evaluated. RESULTS: Adolescent and adult mothers showed no differences in memories of childhood physical or emotional abuse. Nevertheless, adolescent mothers showed higher child abuse potential and depression scores than adult mothers. Mothers with memories of severe physical punishment showed higher child abuse potential scores and mothers with memories of physical punishment producing physical damage showed higher child abuse potential and depression scores. A statistically significant age of the mother by physical punishment producing physical damage interaction was found for depression. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this longitudinal study indicated that the potential for abuse was significantly greater in adolescent mothers than in adult mothers, and in mothers who had been victims of physical abuse than in those who had not. It also appeared that, among adolescent mothers, those who had been victims of childhood physical abuse constitute a higher risk group for child physical abuse.

[Preliminary validation of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory in Argentina]. / Validacion de una version preliminar del Child Abuse Potential Inventory para su uso en Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To know the ability of the CAP Inventory (Milner, 1986) to discriminate between child physical abusers and nonabusers in Argentina, and to know its reliability. To conduct an item analysis in order to know the capability of the Abuse Scale items for discrimination between both groups of subjects. METHOD: The CAP Inventory was applied to two groups of subjects: 40 child physical abusers and 40 nonabusers. Both groups were matched in gender, age, educational level, family income, martial status, number of children, and gender and age of children. RESULTS: Fifty-four items discriminated (p < .05) between both groups of subjects. The reliability coefficient of the Abuse Scale was adequate (alpha = .94). Twenty items with the best capability for discrimination were selected. More than 97% (97.4%) of subjects were correctly classified (94.4% for physical abusers and 100% for nonabusers). The Abuse Scale present similar psychometric characteristics than the American and Spanish versions. CONCLUSION: This is the first study in Argentina with the objective of CAP adaptation and validation. The discriminant and predictive capability of the Abuse Scale are promising for Argentina. However, complementary studies with different samples are needed in order to obtain reliable data and a preliminary version of the Inventory.

Childhood maltreatment, childhood social support, and child abuse potential in a Basque sample.

The present study obtained data on childhood physical and sexual abuse in a Basque sample in order to compare abuse rates with a similar study conducted in the United States. The study also examined the relationships between childhood physical and sexual abuse, childhood social support, and abuse potential in the Basque sample. Although the overall rates of physically abusive behaviors were similar in the Basque and US samples, the rates of physical abuse sequelae (bruises/welts, cuts/scratches, dislocations, burns, and/or bone fractures) were lower in the Basque sample. In addition, while the rates of sexual abuse were similar for females, the sexual abuse rates for Basque males were more than double the rates reported for US males. As expected, a childhood history of physical and sexual abuse were directly related to child abuse potential. Childhood social support, especially father support, was inversely associated with abuse potential. An interaction between a childhood history of physical abuse and father support was found where those with a history of abuse and low levels of father support had the highest level of abuse potential and those with a history of abuse and high levels of father support had the lowest level of abuse potential.

Behavior problems in school-aged physically abused and neglected children in Spain.

The present study investigated behavior problems in school-aged physically abused, neglected, and comparison children in the Basque Country (Spain). Data from the Teacher's Report Form of the Child Behavior Checklist was obtained on 66 children consisting of three groups (17 physically abused children, 24 physically neglected children, and 25 low-risk comparison children). The three groups were matched on seven sociodemographic variables. Overall, the abused and neglected children were higher than the comparison group on Total Behavior Problems scores. However, only neglected children obtained higher scores than the comparison group on the total score of the Externalized Scale, and only abused children scored higher than the comparison group on the total score of the Internalized Scale. Follow-up analysis indicated that both abused and neglected children had higher scores on the Social Problems, Delinquent Behavior, and Attention Problems subscales. Moreover, neglected children had higher scores on the Aggressive Behavior subscale than the comparison children, and abused children had higher scores on the Withdrawn subscale than the comparison children. The abused and neglected children also showed a lower school adjustment than the comparison group. Possible explanations of these findings are discussed and their implications for research and treatment are considered.

[Convergent validity of the preliminary Spanish version of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory: depression and marital adjustment]. / Validez convergente de la versión española preliminar del Child Abuse Potential Inventory: depresión y ajuste marital.

This paper studies the "convergent validity" of the preliminary spanish version of the Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory. In relation to the ecological-systemic model of child maltreatment, this inventory evaluates individual, family, and social factors which facilitate the occurrence of physical child abuse. Depression and marital adjustment were measured in three groups of mothers: one group of mother-perpetrators of physical child abuse (n = 20), another group of mothers with a rate superior to cut-off (percentile = 95) in the CAP Inventory (n = 15), and a group of mothers with low punctuation (under percentile 25) in the CAP Inventory (n = 15). The two last groups (High CAP and Low CAP) come from a larger sample of 829 subjects which are a demographically representative sample of the population of País Vasco (in Spain). Because of variations in the detection of social services, the physically abused group is formed by the most extreme and severe cases. The three groups of mothers were matched as to socio-economic family status, education, civil status, age of the mother, sex of the child, number of children. It was expected that in these variables, depression and marital adjustment, the group with physical abuse would resemble the High CAP group and that both groups would be significantly different from the Low CAP group. Results partially confirm these hypothesis, supporting the possibilities of developing a Spanish version of the CAP Inventory for detection of physical child abuse.

[Validation of a Spanish version of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory administered in Spain]. / Validación de una versión española del child abuse potential inventory para su uso en España.

A translation into Spanish of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory was administered to a group of perpetrators of maltreatment and physical abuse (n = 66) and to a demographically representative sample (n = 829) of the general population of the País Vasco (Spain). Results were studied with item analysis, regression, factorial analysis with the total sample so as to determine the descriptive characteristic of the Spanish version. Since this inventory is designed specifically for the detection of physical maltreatment, similar analyses were carried out with a subgroup of physical child abuse perpetrators (n = 24) and with a similar comparison group (n = 156). For the total number of perpetrators and the representative comparative group a differential analysis indicated that 91.7% had correct classification. For the group of physical child abuse perpetrators and the similar comparative group, the percentage was 98.3%. For these two comparative groups, the variance for the total of items in the abuse scale was 64.8%. Factorial analysis revealed that both English and Spanish versions of this inventory have a similar factorial structure. This preliminary data sustained the idea of working in the development and validation of a Spanish version of this inventory for the detection of physical maltreatment.