ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to assess Mini-Mental State Examination norms of a functionally normal sample of community-dwelling elderly. Illiterate and low-educated subjects who scored less than 5 on the Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (PFAQ) [n = 397; female = 269; mean age = 72.15 (SD = 7.24) years] had the 5th, 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles calculated according to age (65-74; 75-84 years). Overall MMSE score was 21.97 (SD = 4.48). Mean MMSE for illiterate younger individuals was 19.46 (SD = 3.47), and the quartile distribution was 14, 17, 19, and 21. MMSE of subjects with 1-8 years of schooling was 23.90 (3.87), and the distribution was 15, 22, 24, and 27. MMSE of older illiterate subjects was 18.11 (SD = 3.63), and the distribution of scores was 13, 16, 18, and 20, whereas subjects with 1-8 years of schooling scored 23.81 (SD = 4.01) and the distribution was 15, 22, 24, and 27. These MMSE normative data may help improve the detection of cognitive impairment in Brazil, mainly in the primary clinical setting.
Subject(s)
Dementia/epidemiology , Geriatric Assessment , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Activities of Daily Living , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brazil/epidemiology , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Sampling Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The study aims to evaluate the prevalence of cognitive/functional impairment in community-dwelling elderly above 60 years of age (n = 870; m = 297, f = 573) and the relationship of age, gender, and functional impairment with cognitive impairment using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (PFAQ). Chi-square and Student's tests were used to compare cognitive and functional deficits. Linear regression assessed MMSE/PFAQ relationship. Stratified analysis assessed confounding factors. Logistic regression assessed the relationship among age/gender/functional status with cognitive impairment (p < 0.05). Prevalence of cognitive/functional impairment was 19.2%. Functional and cognitive impairment are negatively correlated (Pearson = 0.737), despite educational level (illiterate/literate: OR = 15.60; p = 0/OR = 16.40; p = 0). Age and gender (female) were associated with cognitive/functional impairment. Functional impairment is highly correlated to cognitive impairment. Family/health professionals may recognize functional impairment more easily than cognitive impairment. Thus, the use in combination of cognitive and functional scales is important when screening for dementia.
Subject(s)
Activities of Daily Living , Cognition Disorders/epidemiology , Geriatric Assessment/methods , Mental Status Schedule , Aged , Brazil/epidemiology , Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Psychiatric Status Rating ScalesABSTRACT
In this work the flight preference of nine species of the Scolytidae family was evaluated. These insects were captured with Escolitídeo/Curitiba and Marques/Carrano/Abreu traps, installed at heights of 1, 3, 5, 7,5, and 10m, in the Adolpho Ducke forest reserve, located at the km 22 of AM-10 road (Manaus, AM). An analysis of variance was carried out and the means were separated by the Tukey test. The results showed that, in both traps, the Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff species, Xyleborus sp.1 and Monarthrum sp.1, had preference for heights below 3m; Cryptocarenus heveae (Hagedorn) for heights above 5m, and Hypothenemus obscurus Fabricius, above 7,5m. Xylosandrus compactus Eichhoff had no preference for flight heights. On the other hand, Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood, Cryptocarenus diadematus Eggers, and Premnobius cavipennis Eichhoff presented discrepancy concerning flight preference, considering the kinds of trap utilised in this experiment.
Neste trabalho foi avaliada a preferência por altura de vôo de nove espécies da família Scolytidae, capturadas com armadilhas Escolitídeo/Curitiba e Marques/Carrano/Abreu, instaladas a 1; 3; 5; 7,5 e 10m de altura na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, no km 22 da rodovia AM-010 (Manaus, AM). Para isto foi feita uma análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. O resultado das análises mostraram que, independente da armadilha utilizada, Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, Xyleborus sp. 1 e Monarthrum sp. 1 apresentaram preferência de vôo por alturas inferiores a 3m; Cryptocarenus heveae (Hagedorn) mostrou preferência por alturas superiores a 5m; e Hypothenemus obscurus Fabricius acima de 7,5m; Xylosandrus compactus Eichhoff não apresentou preferência por qualquer altura de vôo. Cryptocarenus diadematus Eggers, Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood e Premnobius cavipennis Eichhoff apresentaram divergência quanto à tendência de vôo, em relação às armadilhas utilizadas.
ABSTRACT
The Wood Engineering Laboratory of the Forest Products Research Center (CPPF), has carried out a large number of tests on wood from the area to be flooded by the Balbina hidroeletric scheme. The present wore describes in three parts studies on static bending.- A bibliografia survey of static bending describing not only the method of calculating the forces, but also factors wich influence the resistence of wood undergoing bending.- An account of the experiments carried out on static bending including results and a discussion of the types of rupture wich occur in Amazonian woods.- A study of the relationship between the modulus of elasticity for bending, the modulus of rupture and density based on the experimental results.
O Laboratório de Engenharia da Madeira do Centro de Pesquisa de Produtos Florestais realizou inúmeros ensaios físicos e mecânicos, em madeiras originárias da areas a ser alagada na Hidroelétrica de Balbina. O presente trabalho pretende relatar o ensaio de flexão estática obedecendo aos seguintes passos: a) revisão bibliográfica sobre flexão estática, descrevendo além do método de calculo para determinação dos esforços, fatores que influem na resistência da madeira submetida à flexão; b) apresentação do ensaio de flexão estática, adotado pelo CPPF, divulgação dos dados experimentais e discussão sobre o tipo de ruptura que ocorrem nas madeiras do Amazonas; e c) estudo da relação entre módu lo de elasticidade a flexão, modulo de ruptura e densidade com os dados obtidos nos ensaios.
ABSTRACT
Wood, because it's abundance and workability, has accompanied the evolution of the way of life the man. Only recently, with the advent of the concrete the use of wood has been reduced. Scientific studies about wood phylical and mechanical proprieties have permited it's use in equal conditions with other materials available in the market. In Spite of the large Amazon Forest. The Amazonian wood species are not being properly utilized. This work presents a method stablished by the Brazilian Standards which could help technicians through the use of tables for dimensional calculations of structural members of solid mod submited to compression parallel to the grain.
A madeira pela sua abundância e facilidade no manuseio acompanha a evolução do modo de vida do homem. Somente quando o concreto armado passou a ser utilizado é que o uso da madeira diminuiu. Os estudos científicos sobre as propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira permitiram o seu emprego em igualdade de condições com outros materiais no mercado. As madeiras amazônicas a despeito da imensa floresta são utilizadas de forma pouco adequadas. Este trabalho apresenta o método estabelecido pela Norma Brasileira, com o objetivo de auxiliar o técnico, através do uso de tabelas no dimensionamento de peças sólidas de madeira submetidas à compressão paralela.
ABSTRACT
Twenty wood species, originally from the Presidente Figueiredo county - Amazon State-Balblna Hydroelectric power station, were submited to nail extraction testes. From these tests it was possible to evaluate the influence of density upon the resistance to nail extraction and the relationship of the resistance between two nailed faces of wood.It was not possible to introduce nails into same of the tested species. Therefore, studies were carried out do determine the factor which influence the facility with which nails can be hammered into the wood of these species, as well as the diameter of the drilled hole necessary for the introduction of the nail in the sample, in order to give the same resistance to nail extraction as in those ones which have not been drilled.
Vinte espécies de madeiras, originárias do muicípio de Presidente Figueiredo - AM -UHE de Balbina, foram submetidas a ensaio de extração de pregos. Os resultados permitem avaliar a influência da densidade na resistência de arrancamento do prego e a relação da resistência entre as faces pregadas. Não se conseguindo cravar pregos em algumas das espécies ensaiadas, procurou-se determinar os fatores inerentes a madeira que dificultam a aceitação ou não do prego, como também, o diâmetro do pré-furo necessário para introdução do prego em uma amostra, tal que, a resistência a extração fosse semelhante àquela das madeiras em que foram cravados pregos sem auxilio de pré-furo.
