ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the factors associated with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of breastfeeding for at least 2 years. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for and protective factors against breastfeeding interruption before 2 years of age. METHODS: In this live birth cohort, mother and infant dyads were followed for 2 years. Data collection was performed at the maternity ward and subsequently at the children's homes, monthly during the first 6 months of life and then at 9, 12, 18, and 24 months. The outcome of interest was breastfeeding interruption before 2 years of age. Median duration of breastfeeding was estimated using Kaplan-Meier's survival analysis, and the associations were tested using Cox's hierarchical multivariate model. Significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Data from a total of 1344 dyads were assessed. Median breastfeeding duration was 385 days. The following risk factors for breastfeeding interruption were identified: white skin color (adjusted hazard ratio [HRa]: 1.31; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.10-1.56), primiparity (HRa: 1.21; 95%CI: 1.05-1.40), working outside the home (HRa: 1.52; 95%CI: 1.30-1.77), child sex male (HRa: 1.18; 95%CI: 1.03-1.35) and use of a pacifier (HRa: 3.46; 95%CI: 2.98-4.01). Conversely, the following protective factors were identified: lower family income (HRa: 0.81; 95%CI: 0.71-0.94), mother-infant bed-sharing (HRa:0.61, 95%CI: 0.52-0.73), on-demand breastfeeding in the first month (HRa: 0.64; 95%CI: 0.47-0.89) and exclusive breastfeeding at 4 months (HRa: 0.58, 95%CI: 0.48-0.70). CONCLUSIONS: The findings allowed to identify both risk factors for and protective factors against breastfeeding interruption before 2 years of age. Knowledge of these factors may help prevent this event and aid in the development of programs that help women maintain breastfeeding for at least 2 years, as recommended by the WHO.
Subject(s)
Breast Feeding , Child , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pregnancy , Protective Factors , Risk Factors , Time FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The oropharyngeal colostrum administration protocol to treat premature newborns is a possible and plausible strategy in neonatal health services, since the immunoprotective components of colostrum can be absorbed by the lymphoid tissues of the oropharynx. In this context, this study aims to describe the implementation of oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy in very low birth weight preterm newborns in a neonatal unit, as well as to test an algorithm in a public hospital. METHODS: The protocol is applied in a non-randomized, superiority clinical trial with historical control. In the treatment group, 0.2 mL of raw colostrum is dripped into the right and left oropharyngeal mucosa, totaling 8 administrations every 24 h until the 7th complete day of life interruptedly. The control group consists of very low birth weight preterm newborns born in the same hospital in previous years (historical control). The clinical progression of 60 newborns until hospital discharge is recorded on standardized forms. A total of 350 participants are estimated to complete the survey in 4 years. The occurrence of continuous outcomes between the groups are compared through the paired t-test or Wilcoxon's two-sample test. The chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, and survival analysis are used for binary outcomes. The nutritional status is assessed through Intergrowth-21st growth curves for preterm newborns. DISCUSSION: The flows of the protocol's actions is sorted by an algorithm, compatible with the Brazilian reality of a public hospital. This measure facilitates and systematizes clinical care, organizes the team's work process, speeds up the intervention steps, standardizes decision-making and unifies the quality of care, besides showing the feasibility of oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ReBEC, U1111-1222-0598 , Registered 09 October 2018, http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-2cyp7c/ .
