Predictive validity of the EVARUCI scale to evaluate risk for pressure injury in critical care patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the predictive capacity of the current risk assessment scale for pressure ulcers in intensive care (EVARUCI), translated into Brazilian Portuguese, using the Braden scale. METHOD: This cross-sectional study collected prospective data from adult patients in three intensive care units. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and precision-recall curve (PR curve) were used to analyse the predictive capacity for pressure injury (PI) using both predictive values and odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS: The incidence of PIs in the study sample of 324 patients was 14.2%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.807 for EVARUCI and 0.798 for the Braden scale. At a cutoff point of 10 on the EVARUCI scale, sensitivity was 69.6%; specificity 78.4%; positive predictive value 34.8%; and OR 8.3. At a cutoff point of 11 on the Braden scale, sensitivity was 76.1%; specificity 75.9%; positive predictive value 34.3%; and OR 10. The area under the PR curve was 0.396 for the EVARUCI scale and 0.348 for the Braden scale, reflecting a smaller area for both. The F1 score value was 0.476 with 37.5% precision and 65.2% recall for the EVARUCI scale, and 0.473 with 34.3% precision and 76.1% recall for the Braden scale. CONCLUSION: The EVARUCI scale predictive capacity was similar to that of the Braden scale. However, the precision of both scales was low for the accurate prediction of patients at risk of developing PIs.

Risco para lesão por pressão em pacientes de unidade de terapia intensiva / Risk Factors for Pressure Ulcers Development in Patients Admitted to Intensive Care

Introdução: As limitações na percepção sensorial, a imobilidade, sedação, ventilação mecânica, hipoperfusão tecidual, edema e umidade são fatores que predispõem o aparecimento da lesão por pressão no paciente crítico. Objetivos: Caracterizar as lesões por pressão em pacientes críticos, verificar sua associação com as variáveis demográficas, da internação, condições clínicas e identificar fatores de risco para lesão por pressão. aracterizar as lesões por pressão em pacientes críticos, verificar sua associação com as variáveis demográficas, da internação, condições clínicas e identificar fatores de risco para lesão por pressão.Método: Estudo transversal que incluiu na amostra pacientes com idade >18 anos, ausência de lesão por pressão à admissão e internação >24 horas na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Associação da lesão por pressão com as variáveis foi verificada com testes de Mann-Whitney, Qui-quadrado, razão de verossimilhança ou teste exato de Fischer. Fatores de risco foram identificados pela Regressão Logística Multivariada. Resultados: Dos 324 pacientes, 46 (14,2%) desenvolveram lesão por pressão, sendo mais frequente nas regiões sacral e calcânea. Fatores de risco para lesão por pressão foram idade, tempo de internação e permanência na enfermaria antes da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Discussão: A incidência elevada, a localização corpórea e o estágio da lesão por pressão observados mostram a vulnerabilidade do paciente de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva a este tipo de lesão. Os riscos para lesão por pressão abrangem fatores relacionados ao paciente, à hospitalização e à gravidade da doença, sendo que a combinação entre eles deve ser valorizada na avaliação diária do paciente crítico. Conclusão: A lesão por pressão no paciente crítico é multifatorial e o reconhecimento dos fatores de risco pode contribuir para implementação precoce de ações para evitar essa lesão.

Introduction: Limited sensory perception, immobility, sedation, mechanical ventilation, tissue hypoperfusion, edema and moisture are considered predisposing factors for the development of pressure ulcers in critically ill patients. Objective: To characterize pressure ulcers in critically ill patients, determine the association with demographic variables, stay in hospital and clinical conditions, and identify risk factors for the development of pressure ulcers. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of patients aged 18 years and older who had no pressure ulcers on admission and had been hospitalized > 24 hours in the Intensive Care Unit. The association of pressure ulcers with each of the variables was assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-squared test, likelihood ratio, and Fisher's exact test. Risk factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression. Results: Among 324 patients, 46 patients (14.2%) developed pressure ulcers most frequently in sacral and calcaneal regions. Risk factors for pressure ulcers development were age, length of hospital stay and hospital stay before admission to the Intensive Care Unit. Discussion: Such high incidence, location and stage of the identified pressure ulcers expose the vulnerability of intensive care unit patients to this type of injury. Risk factors for pressure ulcers development include aspects related to the patient, hospitalization and disease severity, and their combination should be assessed as part of the daily assessment of the critically ill patient. Conclusions: The occurrence of pressure ulcers in critically ill patients is a multifactorial phenomenon, for which the recognition of risk factors can contribute to the early rapid adoption of measures for their prevention.

Introducción: Las limitaciones de la percepción sensorial, la inmovilidad, la sedación, la ventilación mecánica, la hipoperfusión tisular, el edema y la humedad se consideran factores que predisponen la aparición de úlceras por presión en pacientes en estado crítico. Objetivo: Caracterizar las úlceras por presión en pacientes críticos, determinar la asociación con variables demográficas, la hospitalización y las condiciones clínicas, e identificar los factores de riesgo para la aparición de úlceras por presión. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal mediante una muestra de pacientes > 18 años que no presentaban úlceras por presión al ingreso y habían estado hospitalizados >24 horas en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. La asociación de las úlceras por presión con las variables se verificó a través de la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, prueba de chi-cuadrado, razón de verosimilitud y el test exacto de Fisher. Los factores de riesgo se identificaron mediante regresión logística multivariada. Resultados: De 324 pacientes, 46 (14.2%) desarrollaron úlceras por presión con mayor frecuencia en las regiones sacra y calcánea. Los factores de riesgo para la aparición de úlceras por presión fueron la edad, la duración de la hospitalización y la estancia hospitalaria antes de ingresar a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Discusión: La alta incidencia, la localización y el estadio de las úlceras por lesión observadas revelan la vulnerabilidad del paciente de la unidad de cuidados intensivos a este tipo de lesiones. Entre los riesgos de las úlceras por presión se encuentran factores relacionados con el paciente, la hospitalización y la gravedad de la enfermedad, y su combinación debe valorarse en la evaluación diaria del paciente crítico. Conclusión: La aparición de úlceras por presión en pacientes críticos es un fenómeno multifactorial, para la que el reconocimiento de factores de riesgo puede contribuir a una rápida adopción de medidas para su prevención

Validation of the concept risk for decreased cardiac output.

OBJECTIVES: to validate the concept "risk for decreased cardiac output". METHOD: Six of the eight steps suggested in the technique developed by Walker & Avant were adopted to analyze the concept of the phenomenon under study and the proposal made by Hoskins was used for content validation, taking into account agreement achieved among five experts. RESULTS: the concept "decreased cardiac output" was found in the nursing and medical fields and refers to the heart's pumping capacity while the concept "risk" is found in a large number of disciplines. In regard to the defining attributes, "impaired pumping capacity" was the main attribute of decreased cardiac output and "probability" was the main attribute of risk. The uses and defining attributes of the concepts "decreased cardiac output" and "risk" were analyzed as well as their antecedent and consequent events in order to establish the definition of "risk for decreased cardiac output", which was validated by 100% of the experts. CONCLUSION: The obtained data indicate that the risk for decreased cardiac output phenomenon can be a nursing diagnosis and refining it can contribute to the advancement of nursing classifications in this context.

[Health care models and the building of nursing knowledge and practice]. / Construção do conhecimento e do fazer enfermagem e os modelos assistenciais.

This is a reflective paper focused on the origins and main characteristics of the epidemiological and clinical models, their connections with the health care models currently adopted in Brazil, and the construction of Nursing knowledge in this context. From this perspective, the authors propose a re-thinking of Nursing knowledge and practice, pointing out possibilities for expanding the Nursing field, as well as the boundaries and challenges to be overcome by the area professionals.

[Evaluation of nursing care systematization through the phases of nursing process performance and registration in a teaching hospital]. / Avaliação da realização e do registro da Sistematização da Assistência de enfermagem (SAE) em um hospital universitário.

This descriptive study was carried out in a teaching hospital at São Paulo city and had as objective to identify the phases performance and registration of nursing care systematization and the most frequent nursing diagnoses. Data were collected retrospectively from 135 patients records of three units: Cardiology, Adult Infectious Diseases and Neurosurgery, from January to July, 2002. The phases: history, nursing diagnoses, prescription, evolution and assessment were performed and registered in the three units, however, it was verified systematization gaps performance related to nursing diagnoses registered without the realization of nursing history and nursing prescriptions without evolution. The most frequent nursing diagnosis in the three units was risk for infection.

[Classifications and the building up of nursing knowledge]. / As classificações e a construção do conhecimento na enfermagem.

In the course of this article, knowledge is focused on as a process, a series of continuous transformations. Evolutionary aspects of knowledge in nursing are presented. Considerations are taken into account concerning the human language and its significance as well as the conceptual development and classifications to be used in professional actions. Nursing Classification Systems are briefly described and their importance in the building of knowledge in the nursing area is emphasized.