Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Class II and III Obesity: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Correlation between Glycemic Parameters and Body Mass Index.

Despite the worldwide growth of class II and III obesity, the factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in these obese individuals are not widely understood. Moreover, no study has investigated these associations in South America. Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence of T2DM and its associated factors, with an emphasis on biochemical parameters and eating habits, in class II and III obese individuals. We also aimed to analyze the correlation between glycemic parameters and body mass index (BMI). Baseline data from a randomized clinical trial (DieTBra Trial) of 150 class II and III obese individuals (BMI > 35 kg/m2) was used. An accelerometer, Food Frequency Questionnaire, and bioimpedance analysis were used to assess physical activity levels, eating habits, and body composition, respectively. Blood was collected after 12 h of fasting. Hierarchical multivariate Poisson regression was performed, and prevalence ratios (PRs) were calculated. Correlations between glycemic parameters (fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and insulin) and BMI were also analyzed. The prevalence of T2DM was 40.0% (95% CI, 32.1-48.3), high fasting blood glucose level was 19.33% (95% CI, 13.3-26.6), and high glycosylated hemoglobin was 32.67% (95% CI, 25.2-40.8). Age ≥ 50 years (PR = 3.17, 95% CI, 1.26-7.98) was significantly associated with T2DM; there was a positive linear trend between age and T2DM (p = 0.011). Multivariate analysis showed an association with educational level (PR = 1.49, 1.07-2.09, p = 0.018), nonconsumption of whole grains daily (PR = 1.67, 1.00-2.80, p = 0.049), and high HOMA-IR (PR = 1.54, 1.08-2.18, p = 0.016). We found a high prevalence of T2DM and no significant correlations between BMI and glycemic parameters.

Non-classical circulating monocytes in severe obesity and obesity with uncontrolled diabetes: A comparison with tuberculosis and healthy individuals.

Severe obesity and diabetes lead to a significant decrease in quality of life. Although controversial, population-wide studies have implicated obesity in the development of tuberculosis (TB). Non-classical monocytes have been described in obesity and TB, whereas in diabetes they have been associated with poorer clinical outcomes. The present study focuses on the functional significance of several monocyte populations of obese, obesity-related diabetic (OBDM), non-obese/diabetic tuberculosis and non-obese healthy control patients. Monocytes were evaluated by measuring expression of CD86, CD206, TLR-2 and TLR-4 as well as production of IL-6, IL-12, and by using a mycobacterial growth inhibition assay for both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. abscessus subsp. massiliense. Non-classical monocytes from OBDM and non-obese TB patients exhibited similar activation profiles (CD86/CD206/TLR-2 and TLR-4 expressions). Only monocytes from TB patients had a higher positivity for IL-12 and IL-6, whereas adiponectin serum levels increased similarly between TB and OBDM patients. Monocytes from active TB patients and OBDM were more permissive to Mtb growth than obese individuals, but this susceptibility was not observed for M. abscessus subsp. massiliense. From these findings, we conclude that diabetes and tuberculosis had similarities in the population of circulating non-classical monocytes, improving our understanding of the association of these diseases.

Determinants of eating patterns and nutrient intake among adolescent athletes: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: This review aims to update the influences of sport modalities, sport performance, and non-exercise-related determinant, on eating patterns and nutrient intake outcomes among adolescent competitive athletes. METHODS: The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for the last 20 years. Observational and intervention studies of all languages on eating patterns and nutrient intake in adolescent (10- to 19-year-old) competitive athletes were included. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using a Downs and Black instrument. Moreover, the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) evidence system was used to assess the strength of the body of evidence. RESULTS: Regarding outcomes of 21 included articles, 95.2% of studies focused on nutrient analysis, whereas few of the included articles reported eating patterns. As determinants, most studies analyzed the influences of sport-related (n = 10) and demographic factors (n = 8), among which only sport modalities were significantly associated with nutrient intake. Age and sex were not significantly associated with nutrient intake. All studies were observational, and most were cross-sectional (n = 17) and conducted in developed countries such as the United States and European nations. Most studies evaluated boys, and the sport that received the most attention was soccer. CONCLUSIONS: Athletes do not adjust their nutrient intake or food choice to the demands of the training load or different training sessions, while sport modalities significantly influenced nutrient intake. Moreover, results concerning demographic determinants were inconsistent and thus remain inconclusive. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Prospero CRD42016043310 .