Comparison of different luminex single antigen bead kits for memory B cell-derived HLA antibody detection.

Detection of HLA-specific memory B cells can provide additional information on sensitization of alloantigen-exposed individuals and refine immunological risk assessment. We have recently developed an assay enabling profiling of memory B cell-derived HLA antibodies using luminex single antigen bead (SAB) assay. Here, we compared the performance of the SAB kits from two vendors for memory B cell-derived HLA antibody detection. IgG was isolated from culture supernatants of polyclonally activated B cells from alloantigen-exposed (n = 7) or nonexposed (n = 5) individuals, using our previously established method. Eluates containing isolated IgG from culture supernatants were tested for the presence of HLA antibodies using luminex SAB analysis from both One Lambda and Lifecodes (Immucor). In contrast to Lifecodes, high mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) signals were found for negative control beads in One Lambda (median MFI for class I:1730 and for class II:728), accompanied by high MFI values for self HLA-coated beads, especially for HLA-C. Despite high background in the One Lambda assays, 91% concordance for HLA class I and 85% concordance for HLA class II were found between the specificities detected using SAB kits from the two vendors. Our results show that HLA-specific memory B cells can be profiled using kits from both vendors. However, when analyzing One Lambda results one should be aware of the restrictions related to nonspecific binding particularly in HLA-C-coated beads, and pay attention to self HLA-coated beads in order to accurately identify the reactivities leading to the definition of the actual HLA antibody specificities.

Donor-specific B Cell Memory in Alloimmunized Kidney Transplant Recipients: First Clinical Application of a Novel Method.

BACKGROUND: HLA-specific memory B cells may contribute to the serum HLA antibody pool upon antigen reexposure. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the presence of concurrent donor-specific memory B cell-derived HLA antibodies (DSA-M) in renal allograft recipients with pretransplant donor-specific HLA antibodies (DSA) and its association with occurrence of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) using a recently developed method. METHODS: Twenty patients with Luminex single antigen bead (SAB) assay-defined DSA but negative complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatches were enrolled. Plasma samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected at 3 timepoints (pretransplant, mo 6, mo 12). We analyzed IgG-purified and concentrated culture supernatants from polyclonally activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells using SAB assays and compared HLA antibody profiles with same day plasma results. RESULTS: Plasma SAB analysis revealed 35 DSA in 20 patients pretransplant. DSA-M were detected in 9 of 20 (45%) patients and for 10 of 35 specificities (29%). While median mean fluorescence intensity values of DSA with concurrent DSA-M (5877) were higher than those of DSA without DSA-M (1476), 3 of 6 patients with AMR and low mean fluorescence intensity DSA (<3000) had DSA-M. Overall, pretransplant DSA/DSA-Mpos allograft recipients showed a higher incidence of biopsy-proven (sub)clinical AMR (P = 0.032) and a higher extent (g≥1 + ptc≥1) of microvascular inflammation (67% vs 9%, P = 0.02). In 17 patients (28 DSA) with posttransplant analyses, persisting DSA posttransplant had more often DSA-M (6/12; 50%) than nonpersisting DSA (2/16; 13%). CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of DSA-M might be a novel tool to supplement serum HLA antibody analysis for pretransplant risk stratification in patients with DSA.

An Easy and Sensitive Method to Profile the Antibody Specificities of HLA-specific Memory B Cells.

BACKGROUND: Pretransplant immunological risk assessment is currently based on donor-specific HLA antibodies in serum. Despite being an excellent source for antibodies produced by bone marrow-residing plasma cells, serum analysis does not provide information on the memory B-cell compartment. Although B-cell culture supernatants can be used to detect memory B cell-derived HLA antibodies, low IgG concentrations can preclude detectability of HLA antibodies in luminex single-antigen bead (SAB) assays. METHODS: Culture supernatants of polyclonally activated B cells from alloantigen exposed (n = 13) or nonexposed (n = 10) individuals were either concentrated 10-fold, or IgG was isolated by using a protein G affinity purification method to increase the IgG concentration. These processed culture supernatants, as well as paired serum samples were tested for the presence of HLA antibodies using luminex SAB analysis. RESULTS: In immunized individuals, 64% were found to have HLA-specific B-cell memory in concentrated supernatants, whereas 82% showed HLA-specific B-cell memory when IgG isolated supernatants were used for HLA antibody detection. IgG-isolated supernatants showed higher mean fluorescence intensity values compared with concentrated supernatants without increased background. In some individuals, HLA-specific B-cell memory was detected in the absence of accompanying serum antibody specificities. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a novel, highly sensitive method to assess the HLA-specific memory B-cell compartment using luminex SAB technology. This assay allows direct comparison to the serum compartment and may therefore provide a more complete picture of the humoral alloimmune response in patients with a history of alloantigen exposure.

HLA mismatches that are identical for the antigen recognition domain are less immunogenic.

For hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) HLA 10/10 (HLA-A, B, C, DRB1, DQB1) matched donors are optimal, but are not available for all patients. The identification of permissive/non-immunogenic mismatches may improve the outcome of HLA mismatched transplants. We hypothesize that HLA alleles identical within the antigen recognition domain (ARD), but mismatched outside the peptide binding groove or α-helices are often permissive mismatches. We evaluated the functional impact of non-ARD mismatches by performing in vitro functional T cell assays. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte precursor assays were performed for 23 HLA class I mismatches and 96% (22 out of 23) were negative. Mixed lymphocyte reaction assays were conducted on 10 HLA class II mismatches and all were negative. However, 4 out of 10 combinations were positive in the Elispot and all involved one direction: a DRB1*14:01/DRB3*02:01 responder against a DRB1*14:54/DRB3*02:02 stimulator. These positive responses were confirmed by Primed Lymphocyte Testing and the DRB1* mismatch seemed to be responsible for the response. In conclusion, HLA mismatches with amino-acid differences outside the ARD are not very immunogenic. However, in some cases weak T cell reactivity in vitro can be observed. The impact of these responses on clinical outcome of HCT remains to be established.

Quantification of HLA class II-specific memory B cells in HLA-sensitized individuals.

For the quantification of HLA-specific memory B cells from peripheral blood of sensitized individuals, a limited number of methods are available. However, none of these are capable of detecting memory B cells directed at HLA class II molecules. Since the majority of antibodies that occur after transplantation appear to be specific for HLA class II, our aim was to develop an assay to detect and quantify HLA class II-specific memory B cells from peripheral blood. By using biotinylated soluble HLA class II molecules as detection agent, we were able to develop an HLA class II-specific memory B cell ELISPOT assay. The assay was validated using B cell-derived hybridomas that produce human monoclonal antibodies directed at specific HLA class II molecules. In pregnancy-immunized females, we found memory B cell frequencies ranging from 25 to 756 spots per 10(6) B cells specific for the immunizing paternal HLA class II molecules, whereas in non-immunized males no significant spot formation was detected. Here, we present a novel ELISPOT assay for quantifying HLA class II-specific memory B cells from peripheral blood. This technique provides a unique tool for monitoring the HLA class II-specific memory B cell pool in sensitized transplant recipients.

The ratio of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 producing donor-specific cells as an in vitro monitoring tool for renal transplant patients.

If in vitro tools can be used to predict which renal transplant patients are at risk for rejection and which patients are more predisposed to tolerance, the immunosuppressive regimen can be adjusted to prevent rejection before it becomes clinically apparent or, in case of a tolerant patient, medication can be reduced or even stopped. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with persistent stable graft function and of patients with (biopsy-confirmed) acute rejection were stimulated with donor cells and tested with Elispot analysis. A significantly higher number of donor-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma producing cells were found in patients with rejection, as determined with Elispot analysis. Furthermore, a trend towards a higher number of interleukin (IL)-10 producing cells was found in patients with stable graft function. The ratio of IFN-gamma/IL-10 producing cells showed to be the best tool to discriminate between nonrejecting patients and rejecting patients.

No in vitro evidence for a decreased alloreactivity toward noninherited maternal HLA antigens in healthy individuals.

Pre- and/or perinatal exposure to noninherited maternal HLA antigens (NIMA) is associated with a decreased HLA antibody formation against the NIMA and a significantly better graft survival of kidney grafts from siblings or those from unrelated donors who were mismatched for the NIMA haplotype compared with the NIPA (noninherited paternal HLA antigens) haplotype later in life. These observations suggest that some form of immunological tolerance against NIMA is induced. We analyzed the in vitro T cell reactivity of healthy individuals toward their parents and/or siblings expressing the NIMA or NIPA haplotype to explore whether the alloimmune response to NIMA has distinct characteristics compared with NIPA. No differences were detected by mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and supernatants taken from the MLR showed no differences in IFN-gamma and IL-10 production. Additionally, no differences were found with IFN-gamma and IL-10 Elispot analyses. Phenotypic analysis revealed no selective increase in the number of CD3-CD8dim cells (thought to be a NK-like regulator cell) and the number of CD4+CD25+CD152+ cells (naturally occurring regulatory T cells) after stimulation with NIMA-expressing cells when compared with NIPA-expressing cells. In conclusion, no evidence of an influence of a NIMA effect on the cellular level was found in healthy individuals with "standard" immunological techniques.