ABSTRACT
O human papillomavirus (HPV) é considerado o agente infeccioso de transmissão sexual mais comum em todo o mundo. Relacionado ao câncer de colo de útero e causador das verrugas genitais, é o terceiro tipo de câncer mais letal no Brasil. Devido ao início sexual precoce e ao aumento a exposição ao vírus, foi identificada a necessidade de prevenção a nível primário. Assim, vacinas contra alguns subtipos do HPV foram desenvolvidas como forma profilática. A vacina quadrivalente imuniza contra os subtipos 6, 11, 16 e 18 e foi instituída no ano de 2013 de forma pioneira no Distrito Federal com objetivo de imunizar 100% das meninas de 11 a 13 anos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de caráter descritivo, com objetivo analisar a taxa de adesão, abstenção e conclusão à campanha de vacinação. Foi analisado um banco de dados realizado pela Vigilância Epidemiológica da cidade do Gama- DF especificamente para o controle da dispensa nominal dos imunobiológicos para cada adolescente. Observou-se no estudo que das meninas que aderiram à campanha apenas 72,5% concluíram o esquema vacinal, taxa inferior à esperada pelas autoridades governamentais do Distrito Federal.
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually infection agent worldwide. Cervical cancers and genital warts are common disorders of its infection and the third most lethal cancer in Brazil. Due to early sexual life and the increasing virus exposure, it was identified a need for primary healthcare prevention. Thus, prophylactic vaccines against some HPV subtypes have been developed. The quadrivalent vaccine immunizes against subtypes 6, 11, 16 and 18 and it was first introduced by the Federal District Government in 2013 aiming to immunize 100% of the target audience. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study that aimed to analyze the adherence, abstention and conclusion rates of the vaccination campaign. A database made by the Epidemiological Surveillance of the city of Gama-DF was analyzed specifically for nominal dispensation control of the immunobiological agents for each adolescent. Our results show that among all the girls who joined the HPV campaign, only 72,5% of them completed the vaccination schedule, a lower rate than the expected by government agencies in the Federal District.
Subject(s)
Papillomaviridae , Viruses , VaccinationABSTRACT
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
ABSTRACT
Plant defensins are antifungal peptides produced by the innate immune system plants developed to circumvent fungal infection. The defensin Drr230a, originally isolated from pea, has been previously shown to be active against various entomopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi. In the present study, the activity of a yeast-expressed recombinant Drr230a protein (rDrr230a) was tested against impacting soybean and cotton fungi. First, the gene was subcloned into the yeast expression vector pPICZαA and expressed in Pichia pastoris. Resulting rDrr230a exhibited in vitro activity against fungal growth and spore germination of Fusarium tucumaniae, which causes soybean sudden death syndrome, and against Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides, which causes cotton ramulosis. The rDrr230a IC50 corresponding to inhibition of fungal growth of F. tucumaniae and C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides was 7.67 and 0.84 µM, respectively, demonstrating moderate activity against F. tucumaniae and high potency against C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides. Additionally, rDrr230a at 25 ng/µl (3.83 µM) resulted in 100 % inhibition of spore germination of both fungi, demonstrating that rDrr230a affects fungal development since spore germination. Moreover, rDrr230a at 3 µg/µl (460.12 µM) inhibited 100 % of in vitro spore germination of the obligatory biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, which causes Asian soybean rust. Interestingly, rDrr230a substantially decreased the severity of Asian rust, as demonstrated by in planta assay. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a plant defensin active against an obligatory biotrophic phytopathogenic fungus. Results revealed the potential of rDrr230a as a candidate to be used in plant genetic engineering to control relevant cotton and soybean fungal diseases.
