Subject(s)
False Negative Reactions , Interferon-gamma Release Tests/methods , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Genetic Variation , Humans , International Cooperation , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Regression Analysis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: From 2007 to 2009, The Netherlands experienced a major Q fever epidemic, with higher hospitalization rates than the 2-5% reported in the literature for acute Q fever pneumonia and hepatitis. We describe epidemiological and clinical features of hospitalized acute Q fever patients and compared patients presenting with Q fever pneumonia with patients admitted for other forms of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We also examined whether proximity to infected ruminant farms was a risk factor for hospitalization. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted for all patients diagnosed and hospitalized with acute Q fever between 2007 and 2009 in one general hospital situated in the high incidence area in the south of The Netherlands. Pneumonia severity scores (PSI and CURB-65) of acute Q fever pneumonia patients (defined as infiltrate on a chest x-ray) were compared with data from CAP patients. Hepatitis was defined as a >twofold the reference value for alanine aminotransferase and for bilirubin. RESULTS: Among the 183 hospitalized acute Q fever patients, 86.0% had pneumonia. Elevated liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase) were found in 32.3% of patients, although hepatitis was not observed in any of them. The most frequent clinical signs upon presentation were fever, cough and dyspnoea. The median duration of admission was five days. Acute Q fever pneumonia patients were younger, had less co-morbidity, and lower PSI and CURB-65 scores than other CAP patients. Anecdotal information from attending physicians suggests that some patients were admitted because of severe subjective dyspnoea, which was not included in the scoring systems. Proximity to an infected ruminant farm was not associated with hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Hospitalized Dutch acute Q fever patients mostly presented with fever and pneumonia. Patients with acute Q fever pneumonia were hospitalized despite low PSI and CURB-65 scores, presumably because subjective dyspnoea was not included in the scoring systems.
Subject(s)
Epidemics/statistics & numerical data , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Q Fever/epidemiology , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Environmental Exposure , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Netherlands/epidemiology , Pneumonia/complications , Pneumonia/epidemiology , Q Fever/diagnosis , Q Fever/diagnostic imaging , Q Fever/microbiology , Radiography , Time Factors , Young AdultABSTRACT
Current early diagnosis, surveillance and intervention options make it hard to determine the natural course of twin pregnancies, especially regarding spontaneous preterm delivery and perinatal mortality. We studied the natural course in monochorionic (MC) and dichorionic (DC) twin pregnancies in a historical cohort. Twin pregnancies were studied in a unique database of 651 twin pairs born in the period 1907 to 1938. We examined the effect of chorionicity on gestational age, birthweight, perinatal mortality, intertwin birthweight differences, the incidence of preeclampsia and maternal mortality. Perinatal mortality was 27.7% for MC and 15.8% for DC twins (p < .001). Gestational age and birthweight were stronger predictors of perinatal mortality than chorionicity. Perinatal outcome was poorer for the second twin, especially in DC twins. Delivery before 37 weeks of gestation occurred more often in MC twin pregnancies (48.8% compared to 33.3% in DC twin pregnancies). DC twins were on average 288 g (95% confidence interval 201-376) heavier than MC twins. Severe birthweight discordancy occurred equally in MC and DC twins (18.1%). However, if present, mortality was only increased in MC twins. The birthweight of girls was not affected by the presence of a male co-twin. In this historical cohort MC twin pregnancies had a higher perinatal mortality, caused by a high incidence of low birthweight mainly due to preterm delivery. Mortality did not differ in deliveries after 31 weeks of gestation, which is in contrast to recent data. Apparently, modern obstetrics is more effective in reducing mortality in DC twins.
