ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Entry into prison involves adapting to a prison culture that is sometimes altered by the effect of imprisonment. Prisons are overcrowded and hold large numbers of inmates suffering from mental disorders and difficulties of adaptation, who affect the delicate equilibrium of the prison environment and can worsen the relational climate. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Several bibliographical databases on the influence of the mental health of adult inmates on the prison relationship climate and existing interventions in this regard that have been published in the last 15 years were reviewed. This data was complemented by other information obtained from the online bibliographic indexes of the Ministry of the Interior. RESULTS: There is little literature on the influence of mental health on the relational climate of prisons and existing interventions. However, what literature there is does respond to a current prison reality where inmates with mental health problems have an increased risk of victimization and also a greater predisposition to penitentiary misconduct that causes violations of rules and the consequent application of disciplinary sanctions that lead to segregation. DISCUSSION: The dysfunctional behaviour of such inmates, as well as the stigmatized treatment they receive, negatively impact the prison social climate, generating pathological relational styles and distorting the prison environment. This creates a need for an adequate number of programs and interventions of sufficient quality to prevent and mitigate their consequences.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Interpersonal Relations , Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Health , Prisoners/psychology , Prisons , Social Environment , Cultural Characteristics , Humans , Social AdjustmentSubject(s)
Cysts/diagnosis , Iris Diseases/diagnosis , Iris/pathology , Child , Cysts/diagnostic imaging , Cysts/pathology , Eye Abnormalities/diagnosis , Eye Abnormalities/diagnostic imaging , Eye Abnormalities/pathology , Flocculation , Humans , Iris/chemistry , Iris/diagnostic imaging , Iris Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Iris Diseases/pathology , Male , Slit Lamp MicroscopyABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: La entrada en prisión supone la necesidad de adaptación a una cultura penitenciaria que, en ocasiones, se encuentra alterada por el efecto de la prisionización. La sobreocupación de los reclusos con trastornos mentales y sus dificultades adaptativas en las instalaciones obstaculizan el equilibrio del ambiente carcelario e implica el empeoramiento del clima relacional de prisiones. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se han revisado distintas bases de datos bibliográficas acerca de la influencia de la salud mental de los reclusos adultos en el clima relacional de prisiones y las intervenciones existentes al respecto publicadas en los últimos 15 años. Estos datos se han completado con los obtenidos en los índices bibliográficos online del Ministerio del Interior. RESULTADOS: Hay poca literatura acerca de la influencia de la salud mental en el clima relacional de prisiones y las intervenciones existentes. Aunque es cierto que responde a la realidad penitenciaria actual, donde los reclusos con problemas de salud mental poseen un mayor riesgo de estigmatización, pero también una mayor predisposición a la realización de malas conductas penitenciaras que ocasionan infracciones de reglas y la consecuente aplicación de sanciones disciplinarias que tienden a la segregación. DISCUSIÓN: El comportamiento disfuncional de este tipo de reclusos, así como el trato estigmatizado que reciben, impactan negativamente en el clima social penitenciario, generando estilos relacionales patológicos y distorsionando el ambiente de la prisión. Este hecho pone de relieve la necesidad de alcanzar una cantidad y calidad adecuada de programas e intervenciones que puedan prevenir y mitigar sus consecuencias
INTRODUCTION: Entry into prison involves adapting to a prison culture that is sometimes altered by the effect of imprisonment. Prisons are overcrowded and hold large numbers of inmates suffering from mental disorders and difficulties of adaptation, who affect the delicate equilibrium of the prison environment and can worsen the relational climate. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Several bibliographical databases on the influence of the mental health of adult inmates on the prison relationship climate and existing interventions in this regard that have been published in the last 15 years were reviewed. This data was complemented by other information obtained from the online bibliographic indexes of the Ministry of the Interior. RESULTS: There is little literature on the influence of mental health on the relational climate of prisons and existing interventions. However, what literature there is does respond to a current prison reality where inmates with mental health problems have an increased risk of victimization and also a greater predisposition to penitentiary misconduct that causes violations of rules and the consequent application of disciplinary sanctions that lead to segregation. DISCUSSION: The dysfunctional behaviour of such inmates, as well as the stigmatized treatment they receive, negatively impact the prison social climate, generating pathological relational styles and distorting the prison environment. This creates a need for an adequate number of programs and interventions of sufficient quality to prevent and mitigate their consequences
Subject(s)
Humans , Mental Health/classification , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Prisoners/psychology , Environment , Interpersonal Relations , Adaptation, Psychological , Social AdjustmentABSTRACT
Cryptococcus neoformans is an infrequent but important cause of severe disease in immunodepressed patients, especially in those with AIDS. We refer the case of a 45 year old patient with clinical, epidemiological and serological patterns of HIV-induced infection in the course of which the patient suffered a subacute neurologic syndrome with fatal evolution. The diagnosis was made by isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans in CSF and in palpable lymph nodes by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Cryptococcal antigen titer of CSF was 1:2560. Treatment was standardized in the administration of amphotericin B (0.3 mg/kg/day) and 5-fluocytosine (150 mg/kg/day) for a period of six weeks. Factors that suggested poor prognosis were: a positive india ink preparation before treatment, a high initial CSF antigen titer, low CSF leukocyte count and the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans at an extraneural site. Since diagnosis of cryptococcosis was made when prominent localizing symptoms and signs were found, an intensive culture and serologic screening would be necessary in every patient with AIDS in order to establish an earlier diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Cryptococcosis/complications , Opportunistic Infections/complications , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , PrognosisABSTRACT
Cryptococcus neoformans is an infrequent but important cause of severe disease in immunodepressed patients, especially in those with AIDS. We refer the case of a 45 year old patient with clinical, epidemiological and serological patterns of HIV-induced infection in the course of which the patient suffered a subacute neurologic syndrome with fatal evolution. The diagnosis was made by isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans in CSF and in palpable lymph nodes by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Cryptococcal antigen titer of CSF was 1:2560. Treatment was standardized in the administration of amphotericin B (0.3 mg/kg/day) and 5-fluocytosine (150 mg/kg/day) for a period of six weeks. Factors that suggested poor prognosis were: a positive india ink preparation before treatment, a high initial CSF antigen titer, low CSF leukocyte count and the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans at an extraneural site. Since diagnosis of cryptococcosis was made when prominent localizing symptoms and signs were found, an intensive culture and serologic screening would be necessary in every patient with AIDS in order to establish an earlier diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
Because the presence of Trypanosoma rangeli in Argentina and Brazil has not been confirmed, a serach was carried out in man and triatomine insects. Fifty-nine of 207 persons (28.5%) were infected when studied with one or more xenodiagnosis (40 Triatoma infestans/xenodiagnosis); 0.1% to 13% of 7,821 bugs' feces and 4% of 875 dissected midguts showed T. cruzi in Giemsa stained smears. One of 6,980 hemolymph samples and 1/875 salivary glands showed few flagellates which may have originated in the gut. They were not found in stained smears. Thirteen percent of 188 wild-caught domiciliary T. infestans showed only T. cruzi in the gut and feces. Although the presence of T. rangeli could not be demonstrated, the study indicates that examination of pooled hemolymph and random samples of salivary glands and midguts can be carried out together iwth the usual examination of extracted feces in any species of triatomine, including those with salivary glands lacking the pink color present in the genus Rhodnius. Unless this procedure is widely used it will not be possible to differentiate T. rangeli and other possible trypanosome infections from those of T. cruzi nor to determine, therefore, the true prevalence of Chagas' disease in a given human population.
