The impact of indoor residual spraying of deltamethrin on dengue vector populations in the Peruvian Amazon.

Dengue is an important public health problem in the Amazon area of Peru, resulting in significant morbidity each year. As in other areas of the world, ultra-low volume (ULV) application of insecticides is the main strategy to reduce adult populations of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti, despite growing evidence of its limitations as a single control method. This study investigated the efficacy of deltamethrin S.C. applied through indoor residual spraying (IRS) of dwellings in reducing A. aegypti populations. The residual effect of the insecticide was tested by monthly bioassays on the three most common indoor surfaces found in the Amazon area: painted wood, unpainted wood and brick. The results showed that in an area with moderate levels of A. aegypti infestation, IRS dramatically reduced all immature indices the first week after deltamethrin IRS application and the adult index from 18.5 to 3.1, four weeks after intervention (p<0.05). Even though housing conditions facilitated reinfestation with A. aegypti (100% of the houses have open roof eaves, 31.5% lack sewage systems, and 60.4% collected rain in open containers), indices remained low compared to baseline 16 weeks after insecticide application. Bioassays showed that deltamethrin S.C. caused mortalities >80% 8 weeks after application on all types of surfaces. The residual effect of the insecticide was greater on brick than on wooden walls (p<0.05). Our results demonstrate that IRS can have both an immediate and sustained effect on reducing adult and immature A. aegypti populations and should be considered as an adult mosquito control strategy by dengue vector control programs.

How do species, population and active ingredient influence insecticide susceptibility in Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of veterinary importance?

BACKGROUND: Culicoides biting midges are biological vectors of internationally important arboviruses of livestock and equines. Insecticides are often employed against Culicoides as a part of vector control measures, but systematic assessments of their efficacy have rarely been attempted. The objective of the present study is to determine baseline susceptibility of multiple Culicoides vector species and populations in Europe and Africa to the most commonly used insecticide active ingredients. Six active ingredients are tested: three that are based on synthetic pyrethroids (alpha-cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin) and three on organophosphates (phoxim, diazinon and chlorpyrifos-methyl). METHODS: Susceptibility tests were conducted on 29,064 field-collected individuals of Culicoides obsoletus Meigen, Culicoides imicola Kieffer and a laboratory-reared Culicoides nubeculosus Meigen strain using a modified World Health Organization assay. Populations of Culicoides were tested from seven locations in four different countries (France, Spain, Senegal and South Africa) and at least four concentrations of laboratory grade active ingredients were assessed for each population. RESULTS: The study revealed that insecticide susceptibility varied at both a species and population level, but that broad conclusions could be drawn regarding the efficacy of active ingredients. Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were found to inflict greater mortality than organophosphate active ingredients and the colony strain of C. nubeculosus was significantly more susceptible than field populations. Among the synthetic pyrethroids, deltamethrin was found to be the most toxic active ingredient for all species and populations. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented represent the first parallel and systematic assessment of Culicoides insecticide susceptibility across several countries. As such, they are an important baseline reference to monitor the susceptibility status of Culicoides to current insecticides and also to assess the toxicity of new active ingredients with practical implications for vector control strategies.

Una controversia en el tiempo: ejercicios de Williams y Charriere / A dispute over time: Williams and Charriere exercises / Une controverse depuis longtemps: exercices de Williams et Charrière

El dolor lumbar es una enfermedad frecuente, es la principal causa de limitación física en personas menores de 45 años y constituye el séptimo motivo de consulta médica en la atención primaria, y a pesar de su carácter benigno, es una de las primeras causas de invalidez en los países desarrollados. El propósito de este estudio fue revalidar la vigencia del empleo de los ejercicios en el tratamiento rehabilitador del síndrome doloroso lumbar. La realización de ejercicios, han demostrado ser efectivos para mejorar el dolor y la limitación física que ocasiona en los pacientes el dolor de espalda con dolor, tradicionalmente, para el tratamiento rehabilitador de las enfermedades de la columna vertebral, se indican los ejercicios de Williams y la técnica vertebral de Charriere, que a pesar de su uso cotidiano, persisten confusión en diversos aspectos en cuanto a su técnica de aplicación, e incluso en muchos libros y artículos tienden a mezclarlos indistintamente. Se delinean de cada técnica sus objetivos generales, tipos de ejercicios, posiciones básicas, regiones de la columna vertebral donde se pueden aplicar, y fase de la enfermedad donde se recomienda su uso. Se describe la posición de Williams y sus seis ejercicios básicos, según su propósito. Estas técnicas mantienen reconocida eficacia en el tratamiento rehabilitador de las dolencias de la columna vertebral.

Back pain is a common disease. It is the leading cause of physical limitation in people younger than 45 years and it is the seventh reason for consultation in primary care. Despite its benign nature, it is one of the leading causes of disability in developed countries. The purpose of this study was to validate the effectiveness of the use of rehabilitation exercises in the treatment of lumbar pain syndrome. The practice of exercises has proven to be effective for improving pain and physical limitations that brings in back pain patients. Traditionally, Williams exercises and Charriere spinal technique are indicated for the rehabilitation treatment of the spine diseases. Despite daily use, confusion persists in various aspects regarding application technique, and many books and articles tend to mix them interchangeably. Each technique is outlined concerning their overall objectives, types of exercises, basic positions, regions of the spine which can be applied, and stage of disease where their use is recommended. Position of Williams and its six basic exercises by purpose are here described. These techniques remain known efficacy in rehabilitation treatment for ailments of the spine.

La douleur lombaire est une affection fréquente. Elle provoque des limitations physiques chez les personnes de moins de 45 ans, et constitue la septième cause de consultation médicale aux soins primaires de santé. Malgré son caractère bénin, elle est l’une des premières causes d’invalidité dans les pays développés. Le but de ce travail est de revalider l’emploi des exercices dans le traitement de rééducation du syndrome douloureux lombaire. Les exercices ont montré être effectifs contre la douleur et la limitation physique provoquées par les maux de dos chez les patients. Dans le traitement de rééducation des maladies du rachis, on indique les exercices de Williams et la technique de manipulation vertébrale de Charrière qui, malgré leur usage quotidien, entraînent une confusion dans différents aspects tels que leur technique d’application, et même dans plusieurs livres et articles il y a une tendance à les mêler indistinctement. On décrit les objectifs généraux de chaque technique, les types d’exercices, les positions fondamentales, quelles régions de la colonne vertébrale ils peuvent être appliqués, dans quelle étape de la maladie ils sont conseillés d’être utilisés. On décrit la position de Williams et ses six exercices fondamentaux, selon leur fin. Ces techniques maintiennent une renommée efficacité dans le traitement de rééducation des affections du rachis.

Una controversia en el tiempo: ejercicios de Williams y Charriere / Une controverse depuis longtemps: exercices de Williams et Charrière

El dolor lumbar es una enfermedad frecuente, es la principal causa de limitación física en personas menores de 45 años y constituye el séptimo motivo de consulta médica en la atención primaria, y a pesar de su carácter benigno, es una de las primeras causas de invalidez en los países desarrollados. El propósito de este estudio fue revalidar la vigencia del empleo de los ejercicios en el tratamiento rehabilitador del síndrome doloroso lumbar. La realización de ejercicios, han demostrado ser efectivos para mejorar el dolor y la limitación física que ocasiona en los pacientes el dolor de espalda con dolor, tradicionalmente, para el tratamiento rehabilitador de las enfermedades de la columna vertebral, se indican los ejercicios de Williams y la técnica vertebral de Charriere, que a pesar de su uso cotidiano, persisten confusión en diversos aspectos en cuanto a su técnica de aplicación, e incluso en muchos libros y artículos tienden a mezclarlos indistintamente. Se delinean de cada técnica sus objetivos generales, tipos de ejercicios, posiciones básicas, regiones de la columna vertebral donde se pueden aplicar, y fase de la enfermedad donde se recomienda su uso. Se describe la posición de Williams y sus seis ejercicios básicos, según su propósito. Estas técnicas mantienen reconocida eficacia en el tratamiento rehabilitador de las dolencias de la columna vertebral(AU)

Back pain is a common disease. It is the leading cause of physical limitation in people younger than 45 years and it is the seventh reason for consultation in primary care. Despite its benign nature, it is one of the leading causes of disability in developed countries. The purpose of this study was to validate the effectiveness of the use of rehabilitation exercises in the treatment of lumbar pain syndrome. The practice of exercises has proven to be effective for improving pain and physical limitations that brings in back pain patients. Traditionally, Williams exercises and Charriere spinal technique are indicated for the rehabilitation treatment of the spine diseases. Despite daily use, confusion persists in various aspects regarding application technique, and many books and articles tend to mix them interchangeably. Each technique is outlined concerning their overall objectives, types of exercises, basic positions, regions of the spine which can be applied, and stage of disease where their use is recommended. Position of Williams and its six basic exercises by purpose are here described. These techniques remain known efficacy in rehabilitation treatment for ailments of the spine(AU)

La douleur lombaire est une affection fréquente. Elle provoque des limitations physiques chez les personnes de moins de 45 ans, et constitue la septième cause de consultation médicale aux soins primaires de santé. Malgré son caractère bénin, elle est lune des premières causes dinvalidité dans les pays développés. Le but de ce travail est de revalider lemploi des exercices dans le traitement de rééducation du syndrome douloureux lombaire. Les exercices ont montré être effectifs contre la douleur et la limitation physique provoquées par les maux de dos chez les patients. Dans le traitement de rééducation des maladies du rachis, on indique les exercices de Williams et la technique de manipulation vertébrale de Charrière qui, malgré leur usage quotidien, entraînent une confusion dans différents aspects tels que leur technique dapplication, et même dans plusieurs livres et articles il y a une tendance à les mêler indistinctement. On décrit les objectifs généraux de chaque technique, les types dexercices, les positions fondamentales, quelles régions de la colonne vertébrale ils peuvent être appliqués, dans quelle étape de la maladie ils sont conseillés dêtre utilisés. On décrit la position de Williams et ses six exercices fondamentaux, selon leur fin. Ces techniques maintiennent une renommée efficacité dans le traitement de rééducation des affections du rachis(AU)

The influence of sheep age group on the seasonal prevalence of oestrosis in the island of Majorca.

Oestrosis is highly prevalent in Mediterranean countries. Understanding the life cycle of Oestrus ovis is crucial to design effective control measures of this myiasis, largely based on the use of macrocyclic lactones. We carried out a survey of ovine oestrosis in the island of Majorca (Spain) and found that 46.03% of animals were infested in a 13-month period. Interestingly, we found significant differences in oestrosis prevalences in winter and autumn when separating the animals by group of age (P<0.001). Pearson correlation analysis showed that prevalence in lambs younger than 4 months was significantly affected by changes in air temperature (P<0.05), but this association was not significant in adult sheep (P=0.081). Chronic infestations or unsystematic treatments may explain confusing results in adult sheep. Observing the evolution of the disease in young lambs, we determined that the hypobiotic period took place from October to February and the beginning of fly activity occurred between May and June. Interannual variations in oestrosis prevalence indicate the need of monitoring the disease to establish the appropriate timing of treatments. We hypothesize that lambs are better indicators of the seasonality of oestrosis than their older counterparts. Furthermore, we propose that observing O. ovis infestations in young lambs can be used as an efficient early warning system of fly activity, to be applied in future control programs.