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1.
Leg Med ; : 279-303, 1995.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8788674

ABSTRACT

The broad language and the broad application of the antifraud and Stark statutes has created uncertainty in the developing trend toward prepaid health plans and other systems (such as joint ventures) which are designed to deliver high quality services at reasonable costs. The motivation behind the statutes and the need for statutes that prosecute exploitation of the federal health care systems are needed. However, a reactive prosecutorial system may be inappropriate. A proactive administrative regulatory system where parties contemplating such ventures can receive quick, reliable approval or disapproval (with an explanation) would reduce the uncertainty in the current system. Such a system can be developed using the Stark reporting requirements and can be based on the model of certificate-of-need applications. Such models are being discussed in national health reform proposals, but in the area of antitrust. These proposals should consider such mechanisms for health care fraud that is of a more subtle nature. A serious longterm drawback is the lack of a preemption provision in the current laws and the proposals for national health reform relating to health care fraud and prohibited referrals. A preemption provision would reduce uncertainty that will develop as health care ventures cross state lines.


Subject(s)
Fraud/legislation & jurisprudence , Hospital-Physician Joint Ventures/history , Hospital-Physician Joint Ventures/legislation & jurisprudence , Medicare/legislation & jurisprudence , Animals , Cricetinae , History, 20th Century , Managed Care Programs/legislation & jurisprudence , Medicare/history , Physician Self-Referral/legislation & jurisprudence , United States
2.
Exp Parasitol ; 70(4): 373-81, 1990 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2323391

ABSTRACT

We report the complete nucleotide sequence of the circumsporozoite (CS) gene of Plasmodium brasilianum and present an analysis of its evolutionary profile. Despite the lack of a reliable time scale, the analysis of the number and distribution of fixations among seven taxa provides a first glimpse of the evolutionary history of the CS gene, and suggests that the branching events of this gene are completely unconnected with--and far precede in time--the speciation event of the parasite's vertebrate hosts.


Subject(s)
Antigens, Protozoan/genetics , Biological Evolution , DNA/genetics , Plasmodium/genetics , Protozoan Proteins , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Blotting, Southern , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Plasmodium/classification , Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid , Restriction Mapping
3.
Bull World Health Organ ; 68 Suppl: 181-3, 1990.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2094585

ABSTRACT

We demonstrate for the first time the presence of a circumsporozoite (CS)-like protein in invasive blood stages of malaria parasites. Immunogold electron microscopy using antisporozoite monoclonal antibodies localized these antigens in the micronemes of merozoites. Western immunoblot and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of mature blood-stage extracts of Plasmodium falciparum, P. berghei, P. cynomolgi, and P. brasilianum identified polypeptides having the same apparent molecular mass and isoelectric points as the corresponding sporozoite (CS) proteins. The CS-like protein of merozoites is present in relatively minor amounts, compared to the CS protein of sporozoites. Mice with long-term P. berghei blood-induced infections develop antibodies which react with sporozoites.


Subject(s)
Antigens, Protozoan/isolation & purification , Organelles/immunology , Plasmodium/immunology , Protozoan Proteins , Animals , Blotting, Western , Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional , Erythrocytes/parasitology , Isoelectric Focusing , Plasmodium/ultrastructure
5.
Exp Parasitol ; 69(4): 351-6, 1989 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2478385

ABSTRACT

We demonstrate for the first time the presence of a circumsporozoite (CS)-like protein in invasive blood stages of malaria parasites. Immunogold electron microscopy using antisporozoite monoclonal antibodies localized these antigens in the micronemes of merozoites. Western immunoblot and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of mature blood stage extracts of Plasmodium falciparum, P. berghei, P. cynomolgi, and P. brasilianum identified polypeptides having the same apparent molecular mass and isoelectric points as the corresponding sporozoite (CS) proteins. The CS-like protein of merozoites is present in relatively minor amounts, compared to the CS protein of sporozoites. Mice with long-term P. berghei blood-induced infections develop antibodies which react with sporozoites.


Subject(s)
Plasmodium/analysis , Protozoan Proteins/analysis , Animals , Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology , Antibodies, Protozoan/biosynthesis , Antigens, Protozoan/immunology , Blotting, Western , Epitopes/immunology , Isoelectric Point , Malaria/immunology , Microscopy, Electron , Molecular Weight , Peptides/analysis , Plasmodium/growth & development , Plasmodium/immunology , Plasmodium berghei/analysis , Plasmodium berghei/growth & development , Plasmodium berghei/immunology , Plasmodium falciparum/analysis , Plasmodium falciparum/growth & development , Plasmodium falciparum/immunology , Protozoan Proteins/immunology
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