ABSTRACT
The main objective of present study was to assess the evaporation profile of monoaromatic compounds, namely, benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) from gasoline-ethanol-blend fuels. The vapors from two river sand columns contaminated with gasoline and gasoline-ethanol were monitored for 77 d. Standards mixtures (batch tests) of benzene, toluene, and xylenes with different ethanol contents were also analyzed for evaporation rates studies. The instrumental analysis was performed via gas chromatography. The concentration of benzene in the vapor phase of the gasoline-ethanol column was decreased by 89.09%, considering the entire experimental period, whereas the toluene and xylenes concentrations were increased by 239.34 and 251.78%, respectively. In the batch tests, the benzene concentration in the vapor phase varied from 0.4 to 0.9 mg/L for ethanol concentrations (v/v) of 5 and 10%, respectively. For ethanol concentrations higher than 10%, no important changes in the benzene concentration were observed. The toluene exponentially increases between 20 and 30% ethanol concentration. and the maximum concentration of xylenes was observed when the ethanol concentration was 20% (v/v). These results suggest that the benzene evaporation behavior is preferentially affected by the interactions among ethanol and other aromatic compounds rather than the ethanol concentration itself. The evaporation behaviors of toluene and xylenes are directly dependent on the ethanol content.
Subject(s)
Benzene/chemistry , Ethanol/chemistry , Gasoline/analysis , Toluene/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Xylenes/chemistry , Benzene/metabolism , Biodegradation, Environmental , Toluene/metabolism , Volatilization , Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism , Xylenes/metabolismABSTRACT
This work investigated the production of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) from soybean oil using n-hexane as solvent and two commercial lipases as catalysts, Novozym 435 and Lipozyme IM. A Taguchi experimental design was adopted considering the variables temperature (35-65 degrees C), addition of water (0-10 wt/wt%), enzyme (5-20 wt/wt%) concentration, and oil-to-ethanol molar ratio (1:3-1:10). It is shown that complete conversion in FAEE is achieved for some experimental conditions. The effects of process variables on reaction conversion and kinetics of the enzymatic reactions are presented for all experimental conditions investigated in the factorial design.
Subject(s)
Alcohols/chemistry , Fatty Acids/chemical synthesis , Hexanes/chemistry , Lipase/chemistry , Solvents/chemistry , Soybean Oil/chemistry , Enzyme Activation , Enzymes, Immobilized/chemistry , Esters , Fungal Proteins , Hydrolysis , Kinetics , SolutionsABSTRACT
In this work a simple method was described for selective extraction of benzoic acid from landfill leachate samples. The samples were submitted to solid-phase extraction (SPE) with XAD-4 resin as the stationary phase and ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) using the ion-exchange resin Amberlyst A-27. The instrumental analysis was performed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MSD). Benzoic acid was isolated, identified and quantified. The extraction process is rapid, simple and of low cost. It was also environmental friendly, that is, it was used a minimum amounts of hazardous organic solvents and produced also minimum quantities of residues.
Subject(s)
Benzoic Acid/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Ion Exchange ResinsABSTRACT
In this work it was described a simple method for extraction of plasticizer compounds (mainly phthalate esters and bisphenol A (BPA)) from landfill leachate samples. The samples were submitted to an extraction procedures based on precipitation, solid phase extraction (SPE) and ionic exchange chromatography (IEC). Firstly the landfill leachate sample was acidified by addition of HCl concentrated, in order to precipitate the organic compounds that are less soluble in water. The precipitate was washed with several solvents. The aqueous phase was then submitted to SPE with XAD-4 resin and IEC with Amberlyst A-27 resin. The instrumental analysis was performed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometer detector (GC/MSD) and the compounds were identified by the GC/MSD library (Wiley) and by using some standard substances. These methodologies allow the isolation and identification of the following compounds: dioctylphthalate, diisobutilphthalate, BPA, benzoic acid, palmitic acid and diisopentylphthalate. The methods are very simple, rapid and selective, for plasticizers extraction from landfill leachate matrices.
