ABSTRACT
This cross-sectional study evaluated the immune status of non-vaccinated healthy infants to determine if it is possible to replace both measles vaccine (at 9 months) and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine (at 18 months) with a single dose of MMR at 12 months. Serum samples from 566 children in Alexandria, Egypt showed a significant decrease in the seropositive rate to the 3 viral diseases with increasing age, but a significant increase in the seropositive rate among infants who were ranked 1st or 2nd in their family, full-term or born to mothers with no history of hypertension during pregnancy. We recommend administration of the first dose of MMR vaccine between 9 and 12 months of age, and a booster dose of MMR vaccine at 4 years of age.
Subject(s)
Measles Vaccine , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine , Needs Assessment/organization & administration , Vaccination/methods , Age Factors , Analysis of Variance , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Egypt/epidemiology , Female , Health Planning Guidelines , Humans , Immunization Schedule , Immunization, Secondary/methods , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Measles/epidemiology , Measles/immunology , Measles/prevention & control , Measles Vaccine/administration & dosage , Measles Vaccine/immunology , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage , Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/immunology , Mumps/epidemiology , Mumps/immunology , Mumps/prevention & control , Rubella/epidemiology , Rubella/immunology , Rubella/prevention & control , Seroepidemiologic StudiesABSTRACT
A sensitive and simple voltammetric method of analysis is developed for the determination of trace amounts of gallamine triethiode in phosphate media. This method is based on controlled adsorptive preconcentration of the relaxant onto a Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode (HMDE) whereby mercurous iodide salt(s) are formed. The technique used is Cathodic Linear Sweep Stripping Voltammetry (CLSSV). The adsorptive response was evaluated with respect to preconcentration time and potential. As little as 3 x 10(-9) mol dm(-3) i.e. 2.7 ppb flaxedil (proconcentration time 300 seconds) can be determined successfully. The application of this method was tested in the determination of flaxedil in pharmaceutical preparation (ampoules).
Subject(s)
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/methods , Gallamine Triethiodide/analysis , Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents/analysis , Electrodes , Surface-Active Agents/chemistry , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Enteric fever is considered a major health problem in developing countries. The need for a rapid, accurate and conclusive method for diagnosis is important for adequate and proper treatment. The usefulness and reliability of the ELISA test in detection of S. typhi O antigen and specific IgG and IgM antibodies were assessed using sera obtained from 63 subjects clinically suspected to have enteric fever, 22 febrilenon-enteric subjects and 20 normal subjects. ELISA detection of S. typhi somatic antigen was positive in 75% of subjects with positive clot cultures. IgG and IgM antibodies to S. typhi lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were detected in sera from 83% and 88% of enteric fever subjects, respectively. While anti-LPS IgM was negative in all sera from febrile non-enteric subjects, 9% were positive for anti-LPS-IgG. The use of an ELISA for detection of anti-S. typhi LPS antibody in combination with the Widal test and/or the O antigen detection ELISA would provide a useful (95.8% sensitivity) adjunct to standard culture methods and allow for an earlier and more rapid diagnosis of enteric fever.
Subject(s)
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/standards , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Immunoglobulin M/blood , Immunoglobulins , Lipopolysaccharides/immunology , Polysaccharides, Bacterial/blood , Typhoid Fever/blood , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Female , Humans , Lipopolysaccharides/blood , Male , Middle Aged , O Antigens , Sensitivity and Specificity , Typhoid Fever/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Several different hepatic parenchymal lesions, including chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, have been increasingly reported in children with schistosomal hepatic fibrosis (SHF) despite the known mesenchymal nature of the disease. The prevalence of persistent hepatitis (B) surface (HBs) antigenaemia and some hepatic functions have been determined in 52 children with SHF as well as in 100 age-matched healthy children. High prevalence of chronic HBs antigenaemia (58 per cent) has been demonstrated in children with SHF, but only in 2 per cent of the normal children. This denotes that children with SHF represent a dangerous reservoir for hepatitis B infection to the community. Serum alanine transferase (ALT) was higher than normal in 58 per cent of HBS seropositive patients and in none of the seronegative patients. This points to the risk of continual hepatic parenchymal injury to the HBs seropositive patients with schistosomiasis.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/analysis , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Schistosomiasis/complications , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Egypt/epidemiology , Hepatitis B/complications , HumansABSTRACT
LDH isoenzymes and heat-stable alkaline phosphatase were studied in the serum and placental extract of 20 cases of pre-eclampsia and 10 normal pregnancies as a control. The starch-gel electrophoretic serum and placental isoenzymogram showed that LDH4 and LDH5 were the main isoenzymes in the placenta while LDH1 and LDH2 were the main isoenzymes in the serum in pre-eclampsia. The electrophoretic serum protein pattern in pre-eclamlobulins with decreased albumin fraction, while in the placenta, the albumin fraction was increased together with a decrease in the alpha-globulins. The electrophoretic pattern of serum alkaline phosphatase showed a main band of activity at the B-globulin zone in all cases of normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. In the placenta, two additional bands were detected.
