Therapeutic perspectives on uricases for gout.

Available recombinant uricases (rasburicase, pegloticase) are potent hypouricaemic agents for tophaceous gout, but their long-term use is in question. We have performed a literature review on uricases, using Scirus, PubMed, Science Direct, and several other search engines. We have also consulted the records of drug regulatory authorities and patents on uricases. Rasburicase (Fasturtec(®)) was approved in Europe for tumour lysis syndrome induced by chemotherapy, in a single daily infusion dose for a maximum of 7 days. A retrospective study (n=10) conducted in patients with gout and three clinical cases have shown that infusions spaced over time, over several months, ensure the control of serum uric acid and help to eliminate or significantly reduce the size of tophi. However, repeated gout attacks (despite colchicine) and hypersensitivity reactions (despite corticosteroids) have dampened enthusiasm for its use in gout. Pegloticase was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with chronic gout, refractory or intolerant to conventional hypouricaemic therapy. A 6 month study versus placebo showed that pegloticase (infused at 8 mg every 2 weeks), induced a significant decrease in plasma uric acid in about 40% of patients (associated with a tendency for tophi dissolution). However, the remaining patients were non-responders, which correlated with the formation of pegloticase antibodies and infusion reactions. Research efforts are needed to develop less immunogenic uricases. In conclusion, some uricases could have an important role in the treatment of gout, for instance as a first-line treatment and over a short period of several months in patients with severe and tophaceous gout to allow rapid tophi dissolution.

A third approach to gene prediction suggests thousands of additional human transcribed regions.

The identification and characterization of the complete ensemble of genes is a main goal of deciphering the digital information stored in the human genome. Many algorithms for computational gene prediction have been described, ultimately derived from two basic concepts: (1) modeling gene structure and (2) recognizing sequence similarity. Successful hybrid methods combining these two concepts have also been developed. We present a third orthogonal approach to gene prediction, based on detecting the genomic signatures of transcription, accumulated over evolutionary time. We discuss four algorithms based on this third concept: Greens and CHOWDER, which quantify mutational strand biases caused by transcription-coupled DNA repair, and ROAST and PASTA, which are based on strand-specific selection against polyadenylation signals. We combined these algorithms into an integrated method called FEAST, which we used to predict the location and orientation of thousands of putative transcription units not overlapping known genes. Many of the newly predicted transcriptional units do not appear to code for proteins. The new algorithms are particularly apt at detecting genes with long introns and lacking sequence conservation. They therefore complement existing gene prediction methods and will help identify functional transcripts within many apparent "genomic deserts."

Differentially expressed downstream genes in cells with normal or mutated p53.

Mutations in p53 gene could lead to loss of function, negative complementation, or to gain-of-oncogenic functions, thus leading to the increase of tumorigenicity and invasiveness of cancer. This study focused on cancer-related p53 mutants, including A138T, C141Y, RI58L, G245C, and R248Q. Using a modified differential display technique, response profiles of plasmid-expressed wild-type as well as mutated p53, in comparison to p53-null cells, are being established. These profiles can help our understanding of p53 involvement in cancer, leading to accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic analysis by: 1) comprehensive knowledge of p53 network gene expression profiles; 2) finding the most significant gene expression profiles of p53 mutants; 3) revealing genes that only respond to p53 mutants (gain of function). Our results showed significant differences in the expression patterns among p53-null. wild-type p53, and p53 mutants A138T, C141Y, R158L, G245C, and R248Q samples. We also report here the first found p53 mutant-triggered alternative splicing.