Aflatoxin formation and varietal difference of cow pea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars.

Different cultivars of cow pea and garden pea seeds were surveyed for susceptibility or resistance towards the toxigenic and aflatoxin-producing mould (Aspergillus flavus IMI 102135). The results show that aflatoxin production varied among the different cultivars of both cow pea and garden pea. Morphological and histological characters of the different cultivars tested did not show any relation between colour, shape and size of seeds and the amount of aflatoxin produced. The chemical analysis of the different constituents obtained from both seed coats and seed kernels with susceptible, partially resistant and resistant cow pea and garden pea cultivars revealed that the resistant cultivars of cow pea (namely: Balady cultivar) and garden pea (namely: Melting Sugar cultivar) contained lower levels of sodium and higher levels of phosphate and potassium.

Fungal flora and aflatoxin contamination of feedstuff samples in Beida Governorate, Libya.

Fungi of 19 genera, 30 species, and one variety were isolated from 25 samples of sheep-, cattle- and camel feedstuffs collected from different farms in the Beida Governorate, Libya. Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium were the most common genera in the three substrates tested. TLC was used to establish the identity of aflatoxins in the chloroform extract of all samples and the ability to produce aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus in a synthetic liquid medium. Twenty samples out of 25 tested were naturally contaminated and 21 isolates of A. flavus out of 30 produced at least one of the following aflatoxins: B1; B1, G1; and B1, B2, G1, G2. This is the first report about the natural occurrence of aflatoxins and aflatoxins and aflatoxin-producers of the genus Aspergillus in Libya.

Effect of some spices as preservatives for storage of lentil (Lens esculenta L.) seeds.

The high antimycotic activity of four kinds of spices, viz, Chinese cassia, cinnamon, clove and thyme, were tested as preservatives for agricultural commodities. Clove, thyme and a mixture of the four kinds of spice completely inhibited aflatoxin production on lentil seeds during eight weeks of incubation. Chinese cassia and cinnamon partially inhibited the aflatoxin production.

Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in different spices in Egypt.

A total of 120 different samples belonging to 24 kinds of species collected from different places at Assiut Governorate (Egypt) were examined for the natural occurrence of mycotoxins. TLC analysis of spice extracts revealed the presence of aflatoxins (8-35 micrograms/kg) in 16 samples of anise, black pepper, caraway, black cumin, fennel, peppermint, coriander and marjoram, sterigmatocystin (10-23 micrograms/kg) in ten samples of red pepper, caraway, cumin and marjoram and citrinin (8-12 micrograms/kg) in two samples of black cumin, while ochratoxin A and zearalenone could not be detected.

Effect of four pesticides on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus IMI 89717.

The effect of three fungicides (Vitavax-Captan, Rizolex-T and Sumisclex) and one insecticide (Actellic), when incorporated into liquid medium or applied to corn grains and sunflower seeds, on the production of aflatoxin by A. flavus IMI 89717 was tested. In liquid medium, aflatoxin production was inhibited by 27%, 82%, 100% and 100% when Vitavax-Captan was added at 10, 25, 50 and 100 ppm, respectively. Sumisclex reduced to some extent the production of total aflatoxin, while Rizolex-T and Actellic did not affect quantitatively the mycotoxin production. Rizolex-T proved to be the most effective pesticides tested on aflatoxin production on both corn-grains and sunflower seeds, while Vitavax-Captan was the second most effective pesticide. Both Sumisclex and Actellic did not inhibit aflatoxin production on either corn grains or sunflower seeds at the levels tested.

Mycotoxin production on different cultivars and lines of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds in Egypt.

One hundred different cultivars and lines of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) seed samples were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus Link (CMI 102135) to determine varietal differences which may support or resist aflatoxin production. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the chloroform extracts of the different seed samples revealed that 11 cultivars/lines were highly resistant to seed invasion and aflatoxin production while 9 cultivars/line showed partial resistance. The remaining 80 samples were susceptible to the establishment of A. flavus and aflatoxin accumulation. All the resistant cultivars/lines seed samples were inoculated also with three local isolates of fungi namely; Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb. ex Link) Hughes, Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm, and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. The resistant seed samples were also resistant for colonization with these fungi and mycotoxin formation.

Mycoflora and mycotoxins of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds in Egypt. III. Cellulose-decomposing and mycotoxin-producing fungi.

From 40 peanut seed samples collected in Egypt, forty-three species and one variety of fungi, belonging to 16 genera, were collected. The most dominant genera were Aspergillus (11 species + one variety), Penicillium (11 species) and Fusarium (4 species). From the preceding genera A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, P. chrysogenum and F. oxysporum were the most frequent species. Forty-nine isolates belonging to 12 species and one variety were tested for production of mycotoxins, after growth on liquid medium containing two carbon sources (sucrose or cellulose). Thin layer chromatographic analysis revealed that the quality and quantity of mycotoxins was higher on sucrose than cellulose. Mycotoxins identified were aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 & G2, citrinin; fumagillin; diacetoxyscirpenol T-2 toxin; satratoxin H; and zearalenone.

Aflatoxins and fungal flora in lentil (Lens esculenta L.).

Fungal flora of 20 samples of lentil seeds collected from Assiut governorate, Egypt, were studied. Seventeen genera and 13 species were isolated on glucose- (15 genera and 27 species), cellulose- (15 genera and 25 species)- Czapek's agar media at 28 degrees C. The most common species were as follows: on glucose-Czapek's agar, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus, A. terreus, Penicillium notatum and Rhizopus oryzae and on cellulose agar, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus and P. notatum. Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis and a biological test (Artemia salina) indicated the presence and the toxicity of aflatoxin in the extract of one sample (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, at 20 mg/kg, total). This is the first report of the natural occurrence of aflatoxins in lentils.

Ecological and physiological studies on fungi associated with human hair.

Thirty-seven species attributed to 19 genera of keratinophilic fungi were recovered from 100 human hair samples collected from the Assiut governorate. The genera Aspergillus followed by Penicillium and Chrysosporium were frequently isolated from 65, 43 and 30% of the samples respectively. Fifteen species and 13 genera of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi (recovered at 45 degrees C) were identified. The thermotolerant Aspergillus fumigatus was frequently encountered and emerged from 82% of the samples. Thirteen isolates of keratinophilic and 20 isolates of thermophilic fungi were tested for lipolytic and proteolytic activities. All the keratinophilic fungi showed lipolytic and proteolytic activities while 100 and 85% of the thermophilic fungi showed lipolytic and proteolytic activities. Using the paper-disc plate method, 12 types of shampoos and oils were tested for their antifungal activities on 42 strains of keratinophilic and thermophilic or thermotolerant fungi. Three out of four types of shampoo proved to be highly effective against all the test fungi.

Mycoflora and mycotoxins of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds in Egypt. 1--Sugar fungi and natural occurrence of mycotoxins.

Sixty-four species and 2 varieties which belong to nineteen genera of fungi were identified from 40 peanut seed samples collected from different places in Egypt by using a dilution-plate method on glucose-Czapek's medium. The most frequent genera were Aspergillus (21 species & 2 varieties), Penicillium (16 species) and Fusarium (6 species). A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, P. chrysogenum and F. oxysporum were the most common fungal species. Forty seven percent of the samples proved to be toxic to brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis revealed that peanuts were contaminated by aflatoxins (11 samples), trichothecene-toxins (10 samples), zearalenone (one sample) and citrinin (one sample). We believe that this is the first report of the natural occurrence of zearalenone and trichothecene-toxins in peanuts.

Screening of zearalenone-producing Fusarium species in Egypt and chemically defined medium for production of the toxin.

296 isolates of Fusarium spp. from 100 samples of ccereal grains were examined for their ability to produce zearalenone on liquid culture medium. Thin layer chromatographic analysis revealed that the mycotoxin was detected from 45 isolates, (F. oxysporum), 36; F. moniliforme, 8; and F. equiseti, one isolate). A suitable liquid medium and some optimal conditions for the biosynthesis of zearalenone were reported. Glutamine and riboflavin stimulated the production of the toxin. The maximum amount of zearalenone appeared at pH 7, after 12 days of incubation at 20 degrees C.

Contribution to the fungal flora of cereal grains in Egypt.

30 genera and 77 species, in addition to 4 varieties were isolated from 25 samples of each of barley, wheat, maize and sorghum grains collected from different places in Egypt. The broadest spectrum of genera and species was recorded in wheat (25 genera and 59 species + 4 varieties) followed by barley (21 genera and 52 species + 2 varieties), sorghum (14 genera and 33 species + 2 varieties) and maize grains (11 genera and 29 species + 2 varieties). Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Rhizopus were the most common genera in the four grains, except maize where Penicillin emerged in low frequency. Aspergillus was the main component of the fungal flora of the four grains and contributed 79-94.4% of the gross total count of fungi. From the preceding genera A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, F. oxysporum, P. chyrsogenum, P. corylophilum, P. notatum and R. stolonifer were the most frequent.