Evolution of NLR genes in genus Arachis reveals asymmetric expansion of NLRome in wild and domesticated tetraploid species.

Arachis hypogaea is an allotetraploid crop widely grown in the world. Wild relatives of genus Arachis are the rich source of genetic diversity and high levels of resistance to combat pathogens and climate change. The accurate identification and characterization of plant resistance gene, nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat receptor (NLRs) substantially contribute to the repertoire of resistances and improve production. In the current study, we have studied the evolution of NLR genes in genus Arachis and performed their comparative genomics among four diploids (A. duranensis, A. ipaensis, A. cardenasii, A. stenosperma) and two tetraploid (wild: A. monticola and domesticated: A. hypogaea) species. In total 521, 354, 284, 794, 654, 290 NLR genes were identified from A. cardenasii, A. stenosperma and A. duranensis, A. hypogaea, A. monticola and A. ipaensis respectively. Phylogenetic analysis and classification of NLRs revealed that they belong to 7 subgroups and specific subgroups have expanded in each genome leading towards divergent evolution. Gene gain and loss, duplication assay reveals that wild and domesticated tetraploids species have shown asymmetric expansion of NLRome in both sub-genome (AA and BB). A-subgenome of A. monticola exhibited significant contraction of NLRome while B-subgenome shows expansion and vice versa in case of A. hypogaea probably due to distinct natural and artificial selection pressure. In addition, diploid species A. cardenasii revealed the largest repertoire of NLR genes due to higher frequency of gene duplication and selection pressure. A. cardenasii and A. monticola can be regarded as putative resistance resources for peanut breeding program for introgression of novel resistance genes. Findings of this study also emphasize the application neo-diploids and polyploids due to higher quantitative expression of NLR genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that studied the effect of domestication and polyploidy on the evolution of NLR genes in genus Arachis to identify genomic resources for improving resistance of polyploid crop with global importance on economy and food security.

A comprehensive review of hydrophobic silica and composite aerogels: synthesis, properties and recent progress towards environmental remediation and biomedical applications.

The hydrophobicity of silica and composite aerogels has enabled them to acquire applications in a variety of fields. With remarkable structural, morphological, and physiochemical properties such as high porosity, surface area, chemical stability, and selectivity, these materials have gained much attention of researchers worldwide. Moreover, the hydrophobic conduct has enabled these aerogels to adsorb substances, i.e., organic pollutants, without collapsing the pore and network structure. Hence, considering such phenomenal properties and great adsorption potential, exploiting these materials for environmental and biomedical applications is trending. The present study explores the most recent advances in synthetic approaches and resulting properties of hydrophobic silica and composite aerogels. It presents the various precursors and co-precursors used for hydrophobization and gives a comparative analysis of drying methods. Moreover, as a major focus, the work presents the recent progress where these materials have shown promising results for various environmental remediation and biomedical applications. Finally, the bottlenecks in synthesis and applicability along with future prospects are given in conclusions.

All-Printed Flexible Memristor with Metal-Non-Metal-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticle Thin Films.

A memristor is a fundamental electronic device that operates like a biological synapse and is considered as the solution of classical von Neumann computers. Here, a fully printed and flexible memristor is fabricated by depositing a thin film of metal-non-metal (chromium-nitrogen)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2). The resulting device exhibited enhanced performance with self-rectifying and forming free bipolar switching behavior. Doping was performed to bring stability in the performance of the memristor by controlling the defects and impurity levels. The forming free memristor exhibited characteristic behavior of bipolar resistive switching with a high on/off ratio (2.5 × 103), high endurance (500 cycles), long retention time (5 × 103 s) and low operating voltage (±1 V). Doping the thin film of TiO2 with metal-non-metal had a significant effect on the switching properties and conduction mechanism as it directly affected the energy bandgap by lowering it from 3.2 eV to 2.76 eV. Doping enhanced the mobility of charge carriers and eased the process of filament formation by suppressing its randomness between electrodes under the applied electric field. Furthermore, metal-non-metal-doped TiO2 thin film exhibited less switching current and improved non-linearity by controlling the surface defects.

Protective Effect of Purinergic P2X7 Receptor Inhibition on Acrolein-Induced Urothelial Cell Damage.

Patients undergoing chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide experience cystitis due to excretion of a toxic metabolite, acrolein. Cystitis, an inflammation of the bladder, is associated with damage to the integrity of the urothelial barrier. The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is increasingly recognized for its role in inflammation and cell death. P2X7R is expressed abundantly on the bladder urothelium. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of P2X7R in acrolein-induced inflammatory damage in primary cultured porcine bladder urothelial cells. Confluent urothelial cells in culture were treated with acrolein to induce damage; also, with the P2X7R selective antagonist, A804598. Cell viability assay, immunocytochemistry, and trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) studies were carried out to investigate the effect of treatments on urothelial cell function. Acrolein induced a significant reduction in urothelial cell viability, which was protected by the presence of A804598 (10 µM). The urothelial barrier function, indicated by TEER values, was also significantly reduced by acrolein, whereas pre-incubation with P2X7R antagonist significantly protected the urothelial cell barrier from acrolein-induced TEER reduction. The structure of urothelial cell tight junctions was similarly impacted by acrolein treatment, showing the fragmentation of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) immunoreactivity. Pre-treatment of cells with A804598 countered against the actions of acrolein and maintained ZO-1 expression level and cell structure. The damaging effect of acrolein on urothelial cells integrity could be impaired by inhibition of P2X7R, therefore P2X7R blockade may be a possible therapy in patients with bladder cystitis caused by cyclophosphamide treatment.

Highly Efficient and Wide Range Humidity Response of Biocompatible Egg White Thin Film.

Biopolymers are a solution to solve the increasing problems caused by the advances and revolution in the electronic industry owing to the use of hazardous chemicals. In this work, we have used egg white (EW) as the low-cost functional layer of a biocompatible humidity sensor and deposited it on gold (Au) interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) patterned through the state-of-the-art fabrication technology of thermal vacuum evaporation. The presence of hydrophilic proteins inside the thin film of EW makes it an attractive candidate for sensing humidity. Usually, the dependence of the percentage of relative humidity (%RH) on the reliability of measurement setup is overlooked for impedimetric humidity sensors but we have used a modified experimental setup to enhance the uniformity of the obtained results. The characteristics of our device include almost linear response with a quick response time (1.2 s) and fast recovery time (1.7 s). High sensitivity of 50 kΩ/%RH was achieved in the desirable detection range of 10-85%RH. The device size was intentionally kept small for its potential integration in a marketable chip. Results for the response of our fabricated sensor for dry and wet fingertips, along with determining the rate of breathing through the mouth, are part of this study, making it a potential device for health monitoring.

A Full-Range Flexible and Printed Humidity Sensor Based on a Solution-Processed P(VDF-TrFE)/Graphene-Flower Composite.

A novel composite based on a polymer (P(VDF-TrFE)) and a two-dimensional material (graphene flower) was proposed as the active layer of an interdigitated electrode (IDEs) based humidity sensor. Silver (Ag) IDEs were screen printed on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate followed by spin coating the active layer of P(VDF-TrFE)/graphene flower on its surface. It was observed that this sensor responds to a wide relative humidity range (RH%) of 8-98% with a fast response and recovery time of 0.8 s and 2.5 s for the capacitance, respectively. The fabricated sensor displayed an inversely proportional response between capacitance and RH%, while a directly proportional relationship was observed between its impedance and RH%. P(VDF-TrFE)/graphene flower-based flexible humidity sensor exhibited high sensitivity with an average change of capacitance as 0.0558 pF/RH%. Stability of obtained results was monitored for two weeks without any considerable change in the original values, signifying its high reliability. Various chemical, morphological, and electrical characterizations were performed to comprehensively study the humidity-sensing behavior of this advanced composite. The fabricated sensor was successfully used for the applications of health monitoring and measuring the water content in the environment.

Polarization Reversal Characteristics in Capacitors with a Metal/Insulator/Ferroelectric/Metal Structure.

A metal/insulator/ferroelectric/metal structure was fabricated using a covering of approximately 10 nm thick of an insulating polystyrene film on a ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) film. To fabricate several samples, the thickness of the ferroelectric film was held constant while the thickness of the insulating film was varied from 8 to 24 nm. The polarization- voltage relationships were measured to extract the main parameters, in this case the remanent polarization, depolarization, coercive voltage and biased voltage values. As the insulating film becomes thicker, the remanent polarization and coercive voltage values tended to increase. On the other hand, depolarization and biased voltage values decreased. By analyzing the above mentioned parameters, a certain optimum insulator thickness could be predicted. This work shows that metal/insulator/ferroelectric/metal devices are more useful than metal/ferroelectric/metal capacitors.

High-Performance Humidity Sensor Based on the Graphene Flower/Zinc Oxide Composite.

Performance of an electronic device relies heavily on the availability of a suitable functional material. One of the simple, easy, and cost-effective ways to obtain novel functional materials with improved properties for desired applications is to make composites of selected materials. In this work, a novel composite of transparent n-type zinc oxide (ZnO) with a wide bandgap and a unique structure of graphene in the form of a graphene flower (GrF) is synthesized and used as the functional layer of a humidity sensor. The (GrF/ZnO) composite was synthesized by a simple sol-gel method. Morphological, elemental, and structural characterizations of GrF/ZnO composite were performed by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and an x-ray diffractometer (XRD), respectively, to fully understand the properties of this newly synthesized functional material. The proposed humidity sensor was tested in the relative humidity (RH) range of 15% RH% to 86% RH%. The demonstrated sensor illustrated a highly sensitive response to humidity with an average current change of 7.77 µA/RH%. Other prominent characteristics shown by this device include but were not limited to high stability, repeatable results, fast response, and quick recovery time. The proposed humidity sensor was highly sensitive to human breathing, thus making it a promising candidate for various applications related to health monitoring.

Peripartum Cardiomyopathy During Puerperium Co-existing with Pre-eclampsia and Complicated by Acute Renal Failure: A Case Report.

We report a case of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), which presented with antenatal pre-eclampsia complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI). A 25-year-old patient in her 27th week of gestation presented with high blood pressure. She was later diagnosed with PPCM, which was complicated by AKI. Our case report indicated PPCM presentation during the prepartum period, which is a rare entity. On her fifth day of admission, our patient had spontaneous expulsion of her neonate, who was found to be dead on antenatal ultrasound.

Purinergic P2X7 receptors as therapeutic targets in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome; key role of ATP signaling in inflammation.

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic lower urinary tract condition. Patients with IC/BPS suffer from debilitating pain and urinary urgency. The underlying etiology of IC/BPS is unknown and as such current treatments are mostly symptomatic with no real cure. Many theories have been proposed to describe the etiology of IC/BPS, but this review focuses on the role of inflammation. In IC/BPS patients, the permeability of the urothelium barrier is compromised and inflammatory cells infiltrate the bladder wall. There are increased levels of many inflammatory mediators in patients with IC/BPS and symptoms such as pain and urgency that have been associated with the degree of inflammation. Recent evidence has highlighted the role of purinergic receptors, specifically the P2X7 receptor, in the process of inflammation. The results from studies in animals including cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis strongly support the role of P2X7 receptors in inflammation. Furthermore, the deletion of the P2X7 receptor or antagonism of this receptor significantly reduces inflammatory mediator release from the bladder and improves symptoms. Research results from IC/BPS patients and animal models of IC/BPS strongly support the crucial role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of this painful disease. Purinergic signaling and purinergic receptors, especially the P2X7 receptor, play an undisputed role in inflammation. Purinergic receptor antagonists show positive results in treating different symptoms of IC/BPS.

Field evolved resistance to pyrethroids, neonicotinoids and biopesticides in Dysdercus koenigii (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) from Punjab, Pakistan.

The red cotton bug, Dysdercus koenigii (Fabricius) is an important emerging economic pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus in Pakistan. Insecticides are the primary management tactics to suppress populations of this pest. However, resistance to insecticides evolves due to substantial and repeated applications. The resistance to pyrethroids, neonicotinoids and biopesticides have been evaluated in many pests worldwide, nevertheless lack of information in D. koenigii. Therefore, the aforementioned insecticide resistance in five field populations of D. koenigii collected from Multan, Makhdoom Rashid, Jahanian, Lodhran and Vehari districts of Punjab, Pakistan during 2015-2017 was determined by using seed dip method. Based on the present results, D. koenigii has developed moderate to very high resistance to acetamiprid (RR = 33-433) and imidacloprid (RR = 21-173), low to high resistance to emamectin benzoate (RR = 14-52), and very low to high resistance to spinosad (RR = 4.13-54), compared to the susceptible population. However, all field populations of D. koenigii remained susceptible to deltamethrin (RR = 0.62-2.17) and lambda-cyhalothrin (RR = 0.91-1.97). A rotational use of pyrethroids with provision of other integrated pest management tactics is recommended to manage insecticide resistance in D. koenigii.

Evaluating Action Thresholds for Amrasca devastans (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Management on Transgenic and Conventional Cotton Across Multiple Planting Dates.

An action threshold (AT) based on the specific pest-crop relationship is an important element of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. We evaluated planting time-based ATs to manage a sucking pest, cotton leafhopper (Amrasca devastans; Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in conventional (CIM-554) and transgenic (Bt.CIM-599) cotton cultivars under field conditions. Cultivars were planted on 15 March, April, and May during 2011 and 2012. Only two ATs (0.1 and 1.0 A. devastans per leaf) and an untreated control could be tested on 15 March planted cotton, as the populations of A. devastans never reached a density of two per leaf. Cotton planted on 15 March had the highest seed cotton yield, highest net and marginal rate of returns (MRRs) than other planting times. At this planting time, only one insecticidal application was needed at an AT of 1.0 A. devastans per leaf, with no significant yield loss. Four ATs (0.1, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 A. devastans per leaf) and an untreated control were tested for cotton planted on 15 April and 15 May. For the 15 April planting, 2.0 AT led to 3 applications as compared with 10 applications needed with 0.1 AT; without any significant yield loss, generating the highest net return and MRR for this planting date. The 15 May planting was more vulnerable to A. devastans damage and 1.0 AT generated the highest net return and MRR with four applications as compared with all other ATs. These results suggest that the use of planting time-based ATs can improve cotton yield through cost-effective applications of insecticides.

Measurement of Internal Jugular Vein and Common Carotid Artery Diameter Ratio by Ultrasound to Estimate Central Venous Pressure.

Objective The objective of this study is to find a correlation between internal jugular vein (IJV) and common carotid artery (CCA) diameter ratio and central venous pressure (CVP) measurement and find a cut-off value for the IJV/CCA ratio to predict low CVP i.e. < 10 cm H20, for estimating the volume status in critically ill patients. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the critical care department of Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, from July to December 2017. A sample of 49 patients ≥ 18 years with intrathoracic central venous catheters (CVCs) who underwent bedside sonographic assessments of IJV and CCA diameter were included in this study using convenient sampling. The IJV/CCA diameter ratio was calculated and correlated with CVP and the predictive value of the IJV/CCA diameter ratio to predict CVP < 10 cm H2O was explored by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Results A total of 49 patients, 30 males (61.2%) and 19 females (38.8%) with a mean age of 56.00±16.11 years were included in the study. The mean CVP was 8.98±2.37cm H2O in ventilated (51%) and 10.7± 6.01 cm H2O in non-ventilated (49%) patients. The mean IJV/CCA diameter ratio was 1.60±0.55 at expiration and 1.41±0.56 at inspiration. There was a significant correlation between the IJV/CCA diameter ratio and CVP at expiration (r=0.401, p=0.004). The correlation between IJV/CCA and CVP was significant in non-ventilated patients at expiration (r=0.439, p=0.032). The area under the ROC curve for the IJV/CCA diameter ratio for predicting CVP < 10 cm H2O was 0.684 (p=0.028). The predictive value of the IJV/CCA diameter ratio for CVP < 10 cm H20 at the cutoff value of < 2 was insignificant. A new cut-off < 1.75 was taken for the IJV/CCA diameter ratio from the coordinates of the ROC curve. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of an IJV/CCA diameter ratio of < 1.75 for predicting a CVP < 10 cm H20 were 84.62%, 52.17%, 66.67%, and 75.00%, respectively. Conclusion The assessment of volume status by the IJV/CCA diameter ratio with a sonographic device may be a useful noninvasive alternative for a central venous catheterization with a cut-off < 1.75.

Modified Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (mNUTRIC) Score to Assess Nutritional Risk in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Prospective Observational Study from the Pakistani Population.

Purpose Typical nutritional assessment criteria and screening tools are ineffective in mechanically ventilated patients who are often unable to report their food intake history. The Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (NUTRIC) score is effective for screening mechanically ventilated patients. This prospective observational study was conducted to identify nutritional risk in mechanically ventilated patients using a modified NUTRIC (mNUTRIC) score (without using interleukin-6 values). Methods All adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for more than 48 hours were included in the study. Data were collected on the variables required to calculate mNUTRIC scores. Patients with mNUTRIC scores ≥5 were considered at high nutritional risk. The assessment data included total ICU length of stay, ventilator-free days, and mortality rates. Results and conclusion A total of 75 patients fit the inclusion criteria of the study, including 40 males and 35 females. The mean age was 55.8 years. Forty-five percent of mechanically ventilated patients had mNUTRIC scores ≥5. Mechanically ventilated patients with mNUTRIC scores ≥5 had longer lengths of stay in the ICU (mean ± SD = 11.5±5 days) as compared with 3.5±4 days in patients with mNUTRIC scores ≤4. Moreover, a higher mortality rate (26%) was observed in patients with mNUTRIC scores ≥5. A high mNUTRIC predicted mortality score shows a receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.637 with a confidence interval between 0.399 and 0.875. Forty-five percent of mechanically ventilated patients admitted to the ICU were at nutritional risk, and their mNUTRIC scores were directly related to higher lengths of stay and mortality.

Expression and localization of pannexin-1 and CALHM1 in porcine bladder and their involvement in modulating ATP release.

ATP release from urinary bladder is vital for afferent signaling. The aims of this study were to localize calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) and pannexin-1 expression and to determine their involvement in mediating ATP release in the bladder. To determine gene expression and cellular distribution, PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed, respectively, in the porcine bladder. CALHM1 and pannexin-1-mediated ATP release in response to hypotonic solution (0.45% NaCl)-induced stretch, and extracellular Ca2+ depletion ([Ca2+]0) was measured in isolated urothelial, suburothelial, and detrusor muscle cells. CALHM1 and pannexin-1 mRNA and immunoreactivity were detected in urothelial, suburothelial, and detrusor muscle layers, with the highest expression on urothelium. Hypotonic stretch caused a 2.7-fold rise in ATP release from all three cell populations (P < 0.01), which was significantly attenuated by the pannexin-1 inhibitor, 10Panx1, and by the CALHM1 antibody. Brefeldin A, a vesicular transport inhibitor, and ruthenium red, a nonselective CALHM1 channel blocker, also significantly inhibited stretch-mediated ATP release from urothelial cells. [Ca2+]0 caused a marked, but transient, elevation of extracellular ATP level in all three cell populations. CALHM1 antibody and ruthenium red inhibited [Ca2+]0-induced ATP release from urothelial cells, but their effects on suburothelial and detrusor cells were insignificant. 10Panx1 showed no significant inhibition of [Ca2+]0-induced ATP release in any types of cells. The results presented here provide compelling evidence that pannexin-1 and CALHM1, which are densely expressed in the porcine bladder, function as ATP release channels in response to bladder distension. Modulation of extracellular Ca2+ may also regulate ATP release in the porcine bladder through voltage-gated CALHM1 ion channels.

2-Chloro-6-(2,3-di-chloro-benzene-sulfonamido)-benzoic acid.

In the title compound, C13H8Cl3NO4S, the aromatic rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 68.94 (1)° and the mol-ecule adopts a V-shape. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O inter-action generates a six-membered S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, pairs of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the carb-oxy group link the mol-ecules into inversion dimers with an R 2 (2)(8) motif. N-H⋯O and non-classical C-H⋯O inter-actions connect the mol-ecules, forming sheets propagating in (100).

2-(Naphthalene-2-sulfonamido)-3-phenyl-propanoic acid.

In the title compound, C(19)H(17)NO(4)S, the phenyl ring and the naphthalene ring system are oriented at a dihedral angle of 4.12 (2)° and the mol-ecule adopts a U-shaped conformation. The C(c)-C-N-S (c = carb-oxy) torsion angle is 90.98 (15)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in (100) chains incorporating centrosymmetric R(2) (2)(14) and R(2) (2)(10) loops. Weak aromatic π-π stacking is also observed [centroid-centroid separations = 3.963 (2) and 3.932 (2) Å].

3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-(2-nitro-benzene-sulfonamido)-propanoic acid including an unknown solvate.

In the title compound, C(17)H(15)N(3)O(6)S, which crystallized with highly disordered methanol and/or water solvent mol-ecules, the dihedral angle between the the indole and benzene ring systems is 5.3 (2)°, which allows for the formation of intra-molecular π-π stacking inter-actions [centroid-centroid separations = 3.641 (3) and 3.694 (3) Å] and an approximate overall U-shape for the mol-ecule. In the crystal, dimers linked by pairs of N(s)-H⋯O(c) (s = sulfonamide and c = carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bonds generate R(2) (2)(10) loops, whereas N(i)-H⋯π (i = indole) inter-actions lead to chains propagating in [100] or [010]. Together, these lead to a three-dimensional network in which the solvent voids are present as inter-secting (two-dimensional) systems of [100] and [010] channels. The title compound was found to contain a heavily disordered solvent mol-ecule, which could be methanol or water or a mixture of the two. Due to its uncertain nature and the unresolvable disorder, the data were processed with the SQUEEZE option in PLATON [Spek (2009 ▶). Acta Cryst. D65, 148-155], which revealed 877.8 Å(3) of solvent-accessible volume per unit cell and 126 electron-units of scattering density or 109.7 Å(3) (16 electron units) per organic mol-ecule.. This was not included in the calculations of overall formula weight, density and absorption coefficient.

Comparative analysis of type of myocardial infarction in patients with successful or unsuccessful streptokinase thrombolysis following ST elevation myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of thrombolytic therapy in term of success and failure on the type of ST elevation MI, using streptokinase. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a comparative study, conducted at Department of Cardiology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, from October 2006 to October 2007. Patients with first acute myocardial infarction were divided into group A (successful thrombolysis) and group B (unsuccessful thrombolysis) using ECG criteria. RESULTS: Total number of patients were 200. Group A included 136 (68%) patients and group B included 64 (32%) patients. There were total 88 (44%) patients of anterior MI with 47 patients in group A and 41 patients in group B (34.6% vs 64.0%, p < 0.001). There were total 110 (55.0%) patients of inferior MI with 88 patients in group A and 22 patients in group B (64.7% vs 34.4%, p < 0.001). Lateral myocardial infarction was diagnosed in 2 (1%) patients with 1 patient each in group A and group B (0.7% vs 1.6%, p = 0.583). CONCLUSION: Anterior MI was associated with a higher rate of thromblysis failure while inferior MI and lateral wall MI was associated with a higher rate of successful thrombolysis.

(2S)-3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-(4-methyl-benzene-sulfonamido)-propionic acid monohydrate.

In the title compound, C(18)H(18)N(2)O(4)S·H(2)O, the indole and toluene ring systems are oriented at a dihedral angle of 84.51 (9)°. In the crystal, the components are linked by N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O, C-H⋯O and N-H⋯π inter-actions. These include a short link from the α-C atom of the amino acid fragment.