ABSTRACT
We present a new record of ice thickness change, reconstructed at nearly 100,000 sites on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) from laser altimetry measurements spanning the period 1993-2012, partitioned into changes due to surface mass balance (SMB) and ice dynamics. We estimate a mean annual GrIS mass loss of 243 ± 18 Gt â y(-1), equivalent to 0.68 mm â y(-1) sea level rise (SLR) for 2003-2009. Dynamic thinning contributed 48%, with the largest rates occurring in 2004-2006, followed by a gradual decrease balanced by accelerating SMB loss. The spatial pattern of dynamic mass loss changed over this time as dynamic thinning rapidly decreased in southeast Greenland but slowly increased in the southwest, north, and northeast regions. Most outlet glaciers have been thinning during the last two decades, interrupted by episodes of decreasing thinning or even thickening. Dynamics of the major outlet glaciers dominated the mass loss from larger drainage basins, and simultaneous changes over distances up to 500 km are detected, indicating climate control. However, the intricate spatiotemporal pattern of dynamic thickness change suggests that, regardless of the forcing responsible for initial glacier acceleration and thinning, the response of individual glaciers is modulated by local conditions. Recent projections of dynamic contributions from the entire GrIS to SLR have been based on the extrapolation of four major outlet glaciers. Considering the observed complexity, we question how well these four glaciers represent all of Greenland's outlet glaciers.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is a disease of the eye in which the level of intraocular pressure (IOP) determines the rate of disease progression to an important extent. A less well known cause of IOP elevation is playing a wind instrument. CASE DESCRIPTION: In a 49-year-old man with only one functional eye suffering from advanced glaucoma in the other eye, IOP appeared to double when he played the saxophone. He was advised to stop playing; this advice had serious consequences as the patient was a professional musician. CONCLUSION: Despite limited scientific evidence this advice seems justifiable on account of the patient's relatively young age and the advanced glaucoma .
Subject(s)
Glaucoma/complications , Intraocular Pressure/physiology , Occupational Diseases/etiology , Ocular Hypertension/etiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Music , Tonometry, Ocular , Vision Disorders/etiologyABSTRACT
We combined an ensemble of satellite altimetry, interferometry, and gravimetry data sets using common geographical regions, time intervals, and models of surface mass balance and glacial isostatic adjustment to estimate the mass balance of Earth's polar ice sheets. We find that there is good agreement between different satellite methods--especially in Greenland and West Antarctica--and that combining satellite data sets leads to greater certainty. Between 1992 and 2011, the ice sheets of Greenland, East Antarctica, West Antarctica, and the Antarctic Peninsula changed in mass by -142 ± 49, +14 ± 43, -65 ± 26, and -20 ± 14 gigatonnes year(-1), respectively. Since 1992, the polar ice sheets have contributed, on average, 0.59 ± 0.20 millimeter year(-1) to the rate of global sea-level rise.
