Reliability of sonographic measurements of the ulnar collateral ligament: a multi-rater prospective study.

Background: The use of sonography is a cost-effective and reliable method to evaluate upper extremity superficial tissue structural integrity and pathology. Establishing the measurement reliability of widely used diagnostic ultrasound evaluation for musculoskeletal assessment is paramount enhance accurate clinical evaluations. The objective of this study was to establish the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of select ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) thickness measures at two distinct anatomical locations in intercollegiate baseball athletes using ultrasound imaging (USI). Methods: This was a prospective cohort study conducted in a university research laboratory and included a total of 17 NCAA Division I baseball athletes (age 20.4 ± 1.43, height = 183.63 cm ± 6.27 cm, mass = 89.28 kg ± 8.24 kg). Two trained clinicians measured UCL mid-substance and apex thickness in the throwing extremity, prospectively, on 5 occasions at 1-month intervals during rest. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) (model 3,3), associated standard error of measurement, and 95% minimal detectable change in thickness were derived. Results: Intrarater reliability estimates for operator 1 were 0.90-0.98 (mid-substance) and 0.91-0.99 (apex). Operator 2's values were 0.92-0.97 and 0.93-0.99, respectively. The standard error of measurement (SEM) ranged from 0.045-0.071 cm (mid-substance) and 0.023-0.067 cm (apex). The minimal detectable difference (MDD95) was 0.12-0.20 cm (mid-substance) and 0.07-0.19 cm (apex). Interrater reliability was 0.86-0.96 (mid-substance) and 0.79-0.98 (apex); most ICCs were >0.90. Measurement of UCL thickness at two locations demonstrated very good to excellent reliability with high precision. Using this protocol, two evaluators can obtain consistent UCL measurement at two positions. This finding has significant implications for the clinical evaluation of superficial tissue pathology of the same individual by two experienced practitioners.

Ultrasound Imaging of Quadriceps Tendon in a Recreational Golfer.

The patient was a 69-year-old recreational golfer who injured his right . While walking between the 9th and 18th holes, he slipped on pine straw. Ultrasound images of the quadriceps tendon post-injury revealed a full-thickness tear of the Quadriceps tendon, Rectus Femoris and Vastus intermedius. The diagnosis was confirmed through MRI arthrogram imaging. The hypoechoic finding in the ultrasound exam demonstrated the imaging to be as precise in diagnosing a full thickness tear as the MRI. The patient underwent surgical repair of the Quadriceps Tendon and is currently progressing in rehabilitation.

Body weight supported treadmill vs. overground gait training for acute stroke gait rehabilitation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of body weight supported treadmill training for acute post-stroke rehabilitation, relative to conventional therapy. Forty individuals were randomized to receive either body weight supported treadmill training or conventional therapy as part of standard care at an acute rehabilitation facility. As part of normal care patients were evaluated using the Functional Independence Measure; gait units and length of stay were also recorded. Within 48 hours of discharge, participants were evaluated using a Qualisys motion capture system to measure spatiotemporal gait parameters. Participants allocated to the body weight supported treadmill training group had a significantly lower admission Functional Independence Measure, but had a longer length of stay, and did not have significantly different discharge Functional Independence Measure scores. Gait speed was the only spatiotemporal outcome that was significantly different at discharge, and was lower for the body weight supported treadmill training group. As seen in previous literature, the clinical efficacy of body weight supported treadmill training seems to be similar to that of conventional overground therapy. Accounting for difference in admission scores the body weight supported treadmill training and conventional therapy groups, both methods performed comparably.

Ultrasound Imaging of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury.

The patient was an 18-year-old collegiate baseball pitcher who injured his right throwing elbow during an overhead slider pitch. As a part of a study, preinjury ultrasound images of the throwing arm were obtained 2 weeks prior to the injury. One day postinjury, repeat ultrasound imaging of the medial elbow was performed. The attending team physician ordered a magnetic resonance arthrogram 2 days after injury, which confirmed the presence of a complete tear of the ulnar collateral ligament. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(12):1086. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0420.

Orthopaedic manual physical therapy including thrust manipulation and exercise in the management of a patient with cervicogenic headache: a case report.

It has been reported that in Western society as many as 16% of individuals experience cervicogenic headache, which can lead to significant amounts of pain and perceived disability. Cervicogenic headache is characterized by unilateral occipital-temporal pain that is increased by neck movement; it is accompanied by cervical hypomobility, postural changes, and/or increased cervical muscle tone. This case report describes the physical therapy differential diagnosis, management, and outcomes of a patient with cervicogenic headache. The patient was a 40-year-old woman referred by her physiatrist with complaints of cervical pain and ipsilateral temporal headache. The patient presented with increased muscle tone, multiple-level joint hypomobility in the cervical and thoracic spine, muscle weakness, and postural changes. Self-report outcome measures included the Visual Analog Scale for headache pain intensity and the Neck Disability Index. Management consisted of various thrust and non-thrust manipulations, soft tissue mobilizations, postural re-education, and exercise to address postural deficits and cervical and thoracic hypomobility and diminished strength. At discharge, the patient demonstrated clinically meaningful improvements with regard to pain, disability, and headache. This case report indicates that a multimodal physical therapy treatment program may be effective in the management of a patient diagnosed with cervicogenic headache.