Prognostic value of DNA ploidy using flow cytometry in 1301 breast cancer patients: results of the prospective Multicenter Morphometric Mammary Carcinoma Project.

The literature on breast cancer reports conflicting prognostic results with respect to DNA ploidy of flow cytometric DNA histograms. This might result from different DNA ploidy classification methods. Our study evaluated the prognostic power of DNA ploidy, using different classification methods, in a large prospective group (n = 1301) of breast cancer patients. Flow cytometric DNA histograms obtained from fresh frozen material were interpreted with use of a commercially available computer program. On the basis of the number of stemlines and the DNA Index, we classified the DNA ploidy by different methods. In all of the cases, the classification method "DNA diploid versus DNA nondiploid" provided the best prognostic significance for overall survival (OS) (Mantel-Cox (MC) = 5.4, P = .02; relative risk (RR) = 1.3, P = .05) and for disease-free survival (DFS) (MC = 11.8, P = .0006; RR = 1.3, P < .05). This was also true for the OS of the lymph node-positive (but not the lymph node-negative) subgroup (MC = 4.1, P = .04; RR = 1.3, P = .05). In subgroups classified on the basis of tumor size, DNA ploidy showed prognostic significance for DFS only in the subgroup of tumors smaller than 2 cm and larger than 5 cm. In multivariate analysis, DNA ploidy showed no additional prognostic power to lymph node status and tumor size. The classification "DNA diploid versus DNA nondiploid" was mostly consistent with respect to prognostic power for OS and DFS, especially in small or lymph node-positive tumors. The RR of DNA nondiploid patients was only marginally higher, however, so large study groups are required to reach statistical significance. This could partly explain the disagreements in the literature. Therefore, DNA ploidy seems to be of little clinical importance in breast cancer patients, compared with other prognostic parameters.

Prognostic implications of different cell cycle analysis models of flow cytometric DNA histograms of 1,301 breast cancer patients: results from the Multicenter Morphometric Mammary Carcinoma Project (MMMCP).

Conflicting prognostic results with regard to DNA flow cytometric cell cycle variables have been reported for breast cancer patients. An important reason for this may be related to differences in the interpretation of DNA histograms. Several computer programs based on different cell cycle fitting models are available resulting in significant variations in percent S-phase and other cell cycle variables. Our present study evaluated the prognostic value of percent S-phase cells obtained using 5 different cell cycle analysis models. Flow cytometric DNA histograms obtained from 1,301 fresh frozen breast cancer samples were interpreted with 5 different cell cycle analysis models using a commercially available computer program. Model 1 used the zero order S-phase calculation and "sliced nuclei" debris correction, model 2 added fixed G2/M- to G0/G1-phase ratio, and model 3 added correction for aggregates. Model 4 applied the first-order S-phase calculation and sliced debris correction. Model 5 fixed the coefficients of variation CVs of the G0/G1- and G2/M-phases in addition to applying the sliced nuclei debris correction and zero order S-phase calculation. The different models yielded clearly different prognostic results. The average percent S-phase cells of the aggregate correction model (model 3) provided the best prognostic value in all cases for overall survival (OS) as well as disease-free survival (DFS) (OS: p < 0.0001; DFS: p < 0.0001), in lymph node-positive cases (OS: p < 0.0001; DFS: p = 0.004) and in DNA-diploid subgroups (OS: p = 0.004; DFS: p = 0.001). For the lymph node negative and DNA-non-diploid subgroups, the percent S-phase of the second cell cycle reached slightly better prognostic significance than the average percent S-phase cells. In multivariate analysis, the average percent S-phase of the aggregate correction model had the best additional prognostic value to tumor size and lymph node status. In conclusion, different cell cycle analysis models yield clearly different prognostic results for invasive breast cancer patients. The most important prognostic percent S-phase variable was the average percent S-phase cells when aggregate correction was included in cell cycle analysis.

Cysts of mammarylike glands in the vulva.

A hidrocystoma which originated in a mammarylike gland (MLG) of the vulva is described. It involved the main collecting duct and was characterized by a peripheral basal layer of myoepithelium and a luminal layer of cuboidal to columnar cells with discrete cytoplasmic snouts and by lobules opening into the cavity. Adhering to it were cutaneous glands, including MLGs, and dartos muscle. These features distinguish it from the other cysts of the vulva, including vestibular, urogenital sinus, and keratinous cysts. Another cystic lesion of the MLGs was evidenced only microscopically and involved multiple whole glands. It resembled similar alterations in eccrine, apocrine, and mammary glands, and most likely represented involution cysts of MLGs.

Adenocarcinoma of the mammary-like glands of the vulva: a concept unifying sweat gland carcinoma of the vulva, carcinoma of supernumerary mammary glands and extramammary Paget's disease.

An unusual case of primary adenocarcinoma of the vulva is described. It combined features of the three different types of adenocarcinoma of the skin of the vulva which are currently recognized, i.e. sweat gland carcinoma, adenocarcinoma derived from supernumerary mammary glands, and extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD). Central in this tumor was a recently recognized type of cutaneous gland which appeared special for the anogenital region and was distinguished because it combined morphological features of eccrine, apocrine and mammary glands. As it most resembles mammary glands, it is named "mammary-like gland". On the basis of the case presented and of a critical review of the literature, it was concluded that, with the exception of a few sweat gland carcinomas similar to those elsewhere in the skin, adenocarcinomas of the skin of the vulva form a single category of neoplasms with a variable expression of features reminiscent of eccrine, apocrine and mammary gland carcinomas. The data strongly suggested a common derivation from the mammary-like gland or, in cases of EMPD, its related germinative cells in the epidermis.

Regional differences in breast cancer survival are correlated with differences in differentiation and rate of proliferation.

Patients with invasive ductal breast cancer and with 5 to 12 years of follow-up, identified from two pathology laboratories serving hospitals in two distinct but fairly close regions, were studied for differences in length of survival. In the years when the cases were diagnosed, population screening was not performed, adjuvant systemic therapy was not administered, and surgical treatment and irradiation protocols were similar in the hospitals served by the two laboratories. There was a significant difference in length of survival between the two regional groups (N1 = 160, N2 = 111; P = .006). Survival rate at 10 years in the two regions was 48% and 69%. Distribution of age, tumor size, and lymph node status (as negative or positive as well as number of positive nodes) were similar, but quantitative and qualitative microscopic features differed. Patients from the region in which the prognosis was less favorable had the higher median values for the mitotic activity index (14 v 4; P less than .0001) and for nuclear area (59.2 v 38.2; P less than .0001). Nuclear and histologic grade distributions were also different between the regions. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that the regional survival differences are correlated with the microscopic features, even after adjustment for age, tumor size, and lymph node status. Comparison of breast cancers from the periods 1970 to 1974 and 1988 to 1989 in one of the two regions revealed that the clinical and microscopic proliferation features were similar over time. These results, apart from indicating regional variation in breast cancer survival rate correlated to differences in the microscopic characteristics of the disease between regions, provide additional support to previous reports that qualitative and, especially, quantitative microscopic differentiation and proliferation features have significant bearing on the prognosis of breast cancer patients.

Reproducibility of mitosis counting in 2,469 breast cancer specimens: results from the Multicenter Morphometric Mammary Carcinoma Project.

The Multicenter Morphometric Mammary Carcinoma Project is a prospective study on the reproducibility and prognostic value of routine quantitative assessments, especially the mitotic activity index (MAI), the multivariate prognostic index (MPI; a combination of MAI, tumor size, and lymph node status), the mean nuclear area, and DNA ploidy assessments in patients with invasive breast cancer. Fourteen pathology laboratories providing routine services to 35 hospitals throughout The Netherlands are participating in this project. In this article, the reproducibility of MAI and MPI assessments is described. Assessment of the MAI was, according to a strict protocol, first performed in the participating laboratories; thereafter, slides were transferred to the coordination center in Amsterdam for quality control. Analysis of the reproducibility of the assessments in 2,469 patients showed correlation coefficients between 0.81 and 0.96 (mean, 0.91) for the MAI and between 0.91 and 0.97 (mean, 0.96) for the MPI. The reproducibility was fairly constant in time, although it showed a slight drop in the middle of the 2-year intake period. A prognostically relevant discrepancy in MPI (caused by differences in MAI) between the original and quality control assessments was found in only 7.2% of the cases. When analyzing the reasons for these discrepancies, a plausible explanation could be found in all cases: bad tissue processing and ignorance of or negligence in following the protocol guidelines for selection of the counting area or in the process of counting were the most important flaws. Since these errors are largely controllable, an even lower discrepancy rate is theoretically achievable. In conclusion, in a routine setting it can be learned, within a reasonable time, to perform mitosis counting in a highly reproducible way if a strict protocol is carefully followed. This opens the way for a wider application of the MAI and MPI in breast cancer patients. Motivation is, however, an important factor to obtain reproducible results, and ongoing quality control is essential to guarantee the reproducibility of the assessments.

Fatal acute liver failure associated with pirprofen. Report of a case and a review of the literature.

This report is about a 71-yr-old woman who suffered from acute liver failure, induced by the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, pirprofen. She presented with jaundice 6 weeks after starting treatment with 800 mg pirprofen daily. She is the fifth patient described in the literature to die from pirprofen-induced hepatotoxicity.

The Multicenter Morphometric Mammary Carcinoma Project (MMMCP). A nationwide prospective study on reproducibility and prognostic power of routine quantitative assessments in The Netherlands.

The Multicenter Morphometric Mammary Carcinoma Project (MMMCP) has been set up to investigate prospectively the prognostic value and reproducibility of routine assessments of the morphometric Multivariate Prognostic Index (MPI) and other quantitative parameters in comparison with classical prognosticators and steroid receptors in breast cancer patients. In this project, 34 hospitals participate, divided over six geographically different regions. Of each patient entering in the study, multiple clinical and classical pathological parameters (including tumor size and lymph node status) as well as several quantitative parameters such as mean nuclear area, DNA index and mitotic activity index will be evaluated. Of all patients, the MPI will be assessed with tumour size, lymph node status and mitotic activity index. The quantitative assessments are performed in all consecutive breast cancers which enter the participating pathology laboratories, and all measurements are controlled in Amsterdam. The patient intake time will be from January 1, 1988 until January 1, 1990. It is expected that 3000 patients will enter in this study. Follow up data will be gathered up to 10 years. However, two to five years after the initiation of the Project, a first evaluation of the reproducibility and prognostic significance of routine MPI and other assessments in breast cancer patients will be possible. A detailed description of this project is given.

Immunoglobulin-containing cells in liver biopsies of patients with chronic hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis.

The numbers of IgA, IgM and IgG-containing cells were studied by means of an indirect immunoperoxidase technique and morphometry in liver biopsies of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis, in whom serum immunoglobulin concentrations were also determined. In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis the absolute and relative number of IgM-containing cells in the liver was significantly higher, whereas the absolute and relative number of IgG-containing cells in the liver was significantly lower compared to patients with chronic hepatitis. IgM-containing cells in liver biopsies of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis correlated strongly with their serum IgM levels. It is concluded that determination of the pattern of immunoglobulin containing cells in liver biopsies may help in the differentiation of primary biliary cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis and that local production of IgM in the liver may contribute significantly to the high serum IgM levels in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.

Intramural hematoma of the duodenum in a patient with chronic pancreatitis.

Intramural hematoma of the duodenum is usually caused by blunt abdominal injury. Sometimes this lesion occurs in patients with coagulation disturbances or pancreatic disease such as chronic pancreatitis. There also appears to be a link with alcohol abuse. We describe the case-history of a 45-year-old male with chronic pancreatitis who presented with abdominal pain. The diagnosis of a space-occupying process of the duodenum was made and subsequently a pancreatico-duodenectomy was performed. The duodenum revealed an intramural hematoma, the pancreas showed signs of mild chronic pancreatitis.