ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the academic performance of children with unilateral congenital aural atresia (CAA). OBJECTIVE: of review: Our objective was to summarize what is known about the academic performance of children with hearing loss by unilateral congenital aural atresia, in order to provide pragmatic recommendations to clinicians who see children with this entity. TYPE OF REVIEW: Systematic review. SEARCH STRATEGY: We conducted a systematic search in PubMed Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library combining the terms "atresia" and synonyms with "unilateral hearing loss" and synonyms. Date of the most recent search was 16 May 2018. EVALUATION METHOD: Two independent authors identified studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. This review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Observational studies on the academic achievements of patients of any age with unilateral conductive hearing loss of any level due to congenital aural atresia were included. We considered grade retention, special education, individualized education plans, and parental report of school performance as outcome measures for academic achievement. RESULTS: Two studies reporting on academic performance of patients with unilateral CAA, which both had a significant risk of bias. One study (n = 140) showed a grade retention rate of 3.6% (n = 5) in total. 15.7% (nâ¯=â¯22) needed special education, and 36.4% (n = 51) used an individualized education program. The second study, reporting on 67 patients with unilateral CAA, showed that 29.9% (n = 20) of the patients received school intervention, and 25.4% (nâ¯=â¯17) had learning problems. CONCLUSION: Current evidence regarding the effect of unilateral congenital aural atresia on academic performance is sparse, inconclusive and has a significant risk of bias. High quality observational studies assessing the effects of aural atresia on academic performance in these patients should be initiated.
Subject(s)
Academic Performance/statistics & numerical data , Congenital Abnormalities/physiopathology , Ear/abnormalities , Hearing Loss, Conductive/complications , Hearing Loss, Unilateral/complications , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Ear/physiopathology , Female , Hearing Loss, Conductive/congenital , Hearing Loss, Unilateral/etiology , Humans , Male , SchoolsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Ear reconstruction for microtia is a challenging procedure. Although analyzing esthetic outcome is crucial, there is a paucity of information with regard to financial aspects of microtia reconstruction. This study was conducted to analyze the costs associated with ear reconstruction with costal cartilage in patients with microtia. METHODS: Ten consecutive children with autologous ear reconstruction of a unilateral microtia were included in this analysis. All patients had completed their treatment protocol for ear reconstruction. Direct costs (admission to hospital, diagnostics, and surgery) and indirect cost (travel expenses and absence from work) were obtained retrospectively. RESULTS: The overall mean cumulative cost per patient was 14,753. Direct and indirect costs were 13,907 and 846, respectively. Hospital admission and surgery cover 55% and 32% of all the costs, respectively. DISCUSSION: This study analyzes the costs for autologous ear reconstruction. Hospital admission and surgery are the most important factors of the total costs. Total costs could be decreased by possibly decreasing admission days and surgical time. These data can be used for choosing and developing future treatment strategies.
