Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 7 de 7
Filter
1.
Memory ; : 1-19, 2024 Feb 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38300721

ABSTRACT

Experimental studies show that vividness and emotionality of aversive memories decrease after recall with eye movements. We aimed at replicating this finding. Relatedly, consistent with Conway's view that memory retrieval is constructive, we examined changes in the content of the memories. If eye movements render a memory less aversive, it may be avoided less, stimulating recall and increasing the opportunity to infer (contextual) details. Two experiments (N = 97 and N = 250) examined whether eye movements affect the number of central and peripheral memory details and characteristics. Female undergraduate students were randomly allocated to either eye movements with recall (EM) or recall only (RO). Before and after the experimental task, participants rated the vividness and emotionality, provided a detailed description and evaluated other memory characteristics. We replicated earlier findings that vividness (both experiments) and emotionality (experiment 2) were reduced more after EM compared to RO. However, conditions did not statistically significantly differ with respect to content details and other memory characteristics. Overall, findings support the idea that eye movements decrease the experience of the memory as vivid and emotional. Results are inconclusive regarding the idea that eye movements alter the number of recalled central and peripheral memory details.

2.
Acta Psychiatr Scand ; 129(4): 286-95, 2014 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23834587

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of three empirically supported treatments for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), pharmacotherapy using a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), or the combination of both (CBT+SSRI). METHOD: Cost-effectiveness was examined based on the data from a multicenter randomized controlled trial. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale was selected as a primary health outcome measure. Data on costs from a societal perspective (i.e., direct medical, direct non-medical, and indirect non-medical costs) were collected in the study sample (N=150) throughout a 24-month period in which patients received active treatment during the first twelve months and were seen twice for follow-up in the next twelve months. RESULTS: Total costs were largely influenced by costs of the interventions and productivity losses. The mean total societal costs were lower for CBT as compared to SSRI and CBT+SSRI. Costs of medication use were substantial for both SSRI and CBT+SSRI. When examining the balance between costs and health outcomes, both CBT and CBT+SSRI led to more positive outcomes than SSRI. CONCLUSION: Cognitive behavioral therapy is associated with the lowest societal costs. Cognitive behavioral therapy and CBT+SSRI are more cost-effective treatments for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia as compared to SSRI only.


Subject(s)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Panic Disorder/economics , Panic Disorder/therapy , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors , Adolescent , Adult , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/economics , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Combined Modality Therapy/economics , Combined Modality Therapy/methods , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Panic Disorder/drug therapy , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/economics , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/pharmacology , Treatment Outcome , Young Adult
3.
Acta Psychiatr Scand ; 117(4): 260-70, 2008 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18307586

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To establish whether the combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy (SSRI) was more effective in treating panic disorder (PD) than either CBT or SSRI alone, and to evaluate any differential effects between the mono-treatments. METHOD: Patients with PD (n = 150) with or without agoraphobia received CBT, SSRI or CBT + SSRI. Outcome was assessed after 9 months, before medication taper. RESULTS: CBT + SSRI was clearly superior to CBT in both completer and intent-to-treat analysis (ITT). Completer analysis revealed superiority of CBT + SSRI over SSRI on three measures and no differences between CBT and SSRI. ITT analysis revealed superiority of SSRI over CBT on four measures and no differences between CBT + SSRI and SSRI. CONCLUSION: Both the mono-treatments (CBT and SSRI) and the combined treatment (CBT + SSRI) proved to be effective treatments for PD. At post-test, CBT + SSRI was clearly superior to CBT, but differences between CBT + SSRI and SSRI, and between SSRI and CBT, were small.


Subject(s)
Agoraphobia/therapy , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Panic Disorder/therapy , Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Adult , Agoraphobia/drug therapy , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Anxiety Disorders/therapy , Combined Modality Therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Panic Disorder/diagnosis , Panic Disorder/drug therapy , Severity of Illness Index , Surveys and Questionnaires , Treatment Outcome
4.
J Anxiety Disord ; 15(3): 183-201, 2001.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11442138

ABSTRACT

The study describes the development and psychometric evaluation of a self-report questionnaire for use in both treatment-outcome research and process studies: the Agoraphobic Self-Statements Questionnaire (ASQ). The ASQ comprises two subscales: a positive self-statements subscale and a negative self-statements subscale. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that, with the exception of one item, the proposed bidimensional structure of the ASQ reappeared in a second agoraphobic patient sample. Internal consistency of both subscales was satisfactory. Both subscales appeared to be sensitive to change in treatment and discriminated between agoraphobic patients and normal controls. Construct validity of the negative subscale was satisfactory, whilst additional validation of the positive subscale is required. Findings also revealed that positive thinking may serve as a coping device and that the occurrence of negative self-statements might be considered a sine qua non for the occurrence of positive self-statements. It is concluded that the ASQ can contribute to the understanding of cognitive processes during treatment of agoraphobia.


Subject(s)
Affect , Agoraphobia/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adolescent , Adult , Agoraphobia/therapy , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results
5.
Behav Modif ; 18(4): 389-410, 1994 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7980371

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pattern of cognitive change, and in particular the role of negative self-statements, in relation to improvement during an in vivo exposure treatment. Eight panic disordered patients with agoraphobia, of whom 4 were most and 4 were least improved on a composite measure, were exposed to standardized agoraphobic situations. During the exposure, heart rate, self-statements, and subjective anxiety were registered throughout the sessions. Fixed criteria were set for habituation of heart rate and reduction of subjective anxiety within a session. Results showed that the total frequency of negative self-statements at the start, during, as well as at the end of treatment differentiated best between the most and least improved patients. These results suggest that it may be therapeutically wise to continue exposure therapy not only until habituation of anxiety (subjectively and physiologically) is achieved, but also until the frequency of negative self-statements is reduced until zero.


Subject(s)
Agoraphobia/therapy , Behavior Therapy , Cognition , Panic Disorder/therapy , Self Concept , Adult , Agoraphobia/diagnosis , Agoraphobia/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/therapy , Female , Habituation, Psychophysiologic , Heart Rate , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Panic Disorder/diagnosis , Panic Disorder/psychology , Personality Inventory , Surveys and Questionnaires , Treatment Outcome
6.
Behav Res Ther ; 32(7): 723-34, 1994 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7980358

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to test the (mis)match model of Rachman and co-workers during real life exposure therapy in panic disorder patients with agoraphobic avoidance. The results showed that although the patients tended to overpredict their expected fear before the exposure sessions, their predictions did not show a tendency to become more accurate in the course of treatment. After an overprediction predicted fear tended to decrease and self-efficacy tended to increase; after a correct match both predicted fear and self-efficacy remained unchanged. Patients reports of fear tended to decrease within and across exposure sessions regardless of the occurrence of correct or incorrect matches. Patients reported significantly more positive self-statements in underprediction sessions compared to overprediction and correct match sessions. Positive self-statements increased both in underprediction and correct match sessions, but decreased in overprediction sessions. The largest reduction in negative self-statement within an exposure session was found in correct match sessions. The theoretical and clinical relevance of the results are discussed in line of the match/mismatch model of Rachman and co-workers.


Subject(s)
Agoraphobia/psychology , Behavior Therapy , Fear , Panic Disorder/psychology , Adult , Agoraphobia/diagnosis , Agoraphobia/therapy , Attitude , Cognition , Female , Habituation, Psychophysiologic , Humans , Male , Panic Disorder/diagnosis , Panic Disorder/therapy , Probability , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
7.
J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry ; 23(3): 199-211, 1992 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1487538

ABSTRACT

Social phobia is often accompanied by somatic symptoms such as trembling, blushing, and sweating. In cases where these symptoms are predominant and, rather than the social situation, represent the feared stimulus, their unpredictable occurrence may reduce the effectiveness of an otherwise successful treatment, such as exposure in vivo. In this study, a paradoxical treatment approach, combined with rational emotive therapy, is employed with three social phobic patients with fears of blushing, trembling, and sweating, respectively. Results indicate that a paradoxical treatment may be an effective strategy in reducing somatic symptoms in social phobia.


Subject(s)
Phobic Disorders/therapy , Social Environment , Adult , Behavior Therapy , Blushing , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Phobic Disorders/psychology , Pilot Projects , Sweating , Tremor
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL
...