Central and Eastern European migrant worker status, co-living situation and SARS-CoV-2 exposure and transmission risk.

BACKGROUND: Central and Eastern European (CEE) migrant workers in essential industries are at higher risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure and transmission. We investigated the relationship of CEE migrant status and co-living situation with indicators of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and transmission risk (ETR), aiming to find entry points for policies to reduce health inequalities for migrant workers. METHODS: We included 563 SARS-CoV-2-positive workers between October 2020 and July 2021. Data on ETR indicators were obtained from source- and contact-tracing interviews via retrospective analysis of medical records. Associations of CEE migrant status and co-living situation with ETR indicators were analyzed using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: CEE migrant status was not associated with occupational ETR but was with higher occupational-domestic exposure [odds ratio (OR) 2.92; P = 0.004], lower domestic exposure (OR 0.25, P < 0.001), lower community exposure (OR 0.41, P = 0.050) and transmission (OR 0.40, P = 0.032) and higher general transmission (OR 1.76, P = 0.004) risk. Co-living was not associated with occupational and community ETR but was with higher occupational-domestic exposure (OR 2.63, P = 0.032), higher domestic transmission (OR 17.12, P < 0.001) and lower general exposure (OR 0.34, P = 0.007) risk. CONCLUSIONS: The workfloor poses an equal SARS-CoV-2 ETR for all workers. CEE migrants encounter less ETR in their community but pose a general risk by delaying testing. When co-living, CEE migrants encounter more domestic ETR. Coronavirus disease preventive policies should aim at occupational safety for essential industry workers, reduction of test delay for CEE migrants and improvement of distancing options when co-living.

Consultation rate and chlamydia positivity among ethnic minority clients at STI clinics in the Netherlands.

OBJECTIVES: Although ethnic minority clients (EMs) from STI endemic countries have a higher risk for STI, little is known about their STI clinic consultation rate proportionality. The aim of this study was to assess consultation and chlamydia positivity rates among different EMs visiting STI clinics in the Netherlands. METHODS: We calculated consultation rates in EM groups by dividing the number of STI consultations by the total number of inhabitants in the region belonging to an EM, then compared the EM rates to native Dutch rates. Factors associated with chlamydia positivity were analysed using multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 23,841 clients visiting an eastern Netherlands STI clinic between 2011 and 2013 were included in the analysis, of which 7% were EMs. The consultation rate of native Dutch clients was 22.5 per 1000, compared to 8.5 per 1000 among EMs. Consultation rates in all EMs were lower than in Dutch clients, except for Antillean or Aruban EMs and Latin American EMs. The chlamydia positivity rate among all clients was 15.5%, and Antillean or Aruban ethnicity (27.1%) EMs had the highest rates. Multivariate analysis identified the following factors associated with chlamydia positivity: Eastern or Northern European EM, African EM, Antillean or Aruban EM, STI related symptoms, heterosexual preference, partner in a risk group, receiving a partner notification, and having had three or more partners in the past six months. CONCLUSION: On a population level, most EMs visit STI clinics less often than native Dutch clients, but they have a higher rate of positive chlamydia diagnoses. STI clinics should increase outreach activities for EM clients because they are insufficiently reached by current practices, but contribute substantially to chlamydia incidence rates.

Impact of Q-fever fatigue syndrome on patients' work status.

BACKGROUND: Chronic illnesses can increase the risk of unemployment, but evidence on the specific impact of Q-fever fatigue syndrome (QFS) on work is lacking. AIMS: The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the impact of QFS on work. METHODS: Changes in work status from 1 year prior to 4 years after acute Q-fever infection of QFS patients were retrospectively collected with a self-report questionnaire measuring employment status and hours of paid work per week. In addition, information on work ability, job satisfaction and need for recovery after work was collected in 2016. Data were compared to participants from the general population. RESULTS: The proportion of employed QFS patients from 1 year prior to 4 years after acute infection decreased from 78 to 41%, while remaining relatively constant in the general population (82 to 78%). Working QFS patients showed a decrease in mean hours of paid work from 35 to 22 h per week, which is significantly steeper compared to the general population (31-28 h per week) (P < 0.001). QFS patients showed a significantly lower work ability (P < 0.001), lower job satisfaction (P = 0.006) and greater need for recovery (P < 0.001) compared to the general population. CONCLUSIONS: The number of QFS patients with paid work decreased over the years, while patients who continue to work experience lower work ability, job satisfaction and increased need for recovery. Occupational physicians should be aware of the occurrence and severity of the impact of QFS on work, even after many years.

Chronic Q fever: patient and treatment-related factors influencing long-term quality of life.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Q fever is accompanied by high mortality and morbidity, and requires prolonged antibiotic treatment. Little is known on long-term quality of life (LQOL) in chronic Q fever patients treated with antibiotics. AIM: To identify patient and treatment-related factors associated with impaired LQOL in chronic Q fever patients treated with antibiotics, and to assess patients' perception on treatment. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: LQOL was assessed with a validated questionnaire from the Nijmegen Clinical Screening Instrument. Patients' perception on treatment was measured with three newly developed questions. RESULTS: We included 64 patients: LQOL was impaired in 55% (n = 35) after a median follow-up of 5 years. Median treatment duration was 27 months. In multivariable analysis, treatment duration was significantly associated with impaired LQOL (OR 1.07; 95%CI 1.02-1.12, P < 0.01 per month increase). Age, gender, number of antibiotic regimens, surgical intervention, complications, diagnostic classification, focus of infection or registration of side effects during treatment were not associated with impaired LQOL. After start of treatment, 17 patients (27%) perceived improvement of their condition. Disadvantages of treatment were experienced on a daily basis by 24 patients (69%) with impaired LQOL and 13 patients (46%) without impaired LQOL (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: LQOL in chronic Q fever patients treated with antibiotics is impaired in more than half of patients 5 years after diagnosis. Antibiotic treatment duration was the only variable associated with impaired LQOL. The majority of patients experienced disadvantages on a daily basis, highlighting the high burden of disease and treatment.

Energy and nutrient intakes of young children in the UK: findings from the Gemini twin cohort.

Data on the diets of young children in the UK are limited, despite growing evidence of the importance of early diet for long-term health. We used the largest contemporary dietary data set to describe the intake of 21-month-old children in the UK. Parents of 2336 children aged 21 months from the UK Gemini twin cohort completed 3-d diet diaries in 2008/2009. Family background information was obtained from questionnaires completed 8 months after birth. Mean total daily intakes of energy, macronutrients (g and %E) and micronutrients from food and beverages, including and excluding supplements, were derived. Comparisons with UK dietary reference values (DRV) were made using t tests and general linear regression models, respectively. Daily energy intake (kJ), protein (g) and most micronutrients exceeded DRV, except for vitamin D and Fe, where 96 or 84 % and 70 or 6 % of children did not achieve the reference nutrient intake or lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI), respectively, even with supplementation. These findings reflect similar observations in the smaller sample of children aged 18-36 months in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. At a population level, young children in the UK are exceeding recommended daily intakes of energy and protein, potentially increasing their risk of obesity. The majority of children are not meeting the LRNI for vitamin D, largely reflecting inadequate use of the supplements recommended at this age. Parents may need more guidance on how to achieve healthy energy and nutrient intakes for young children.

Sleep and nighttime energy consumption in early childhood: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Shorter sleep is a risk factor for weight gain in young children. Experimental studies show that sleep deprivation is associated with higher nighttime energy intake, but no studies have examined the patterning of energy intake in relation to nighttime sleep duration in young children. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to test the hypothesis that shorter-sleeping children would show higher nighttime energy intake and to examine whether the additional calories were from drinks, snacks or meals. METHODS: Participants were 1278 families from the Gemini twin cohort, using data from one child per family selected at random to avoid clustering effects. Nighttime sleep duration was measured at 16 months of age using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. Energy intake by time of day and eating episode (meal, snack, drink) were derived from 3-day diet diaries completed when children were 21 months. RESULTS: Consistent with our hypothesis, shorter-sleeping children consumed more calories at night only (linear trend P < 0.001), with those sleeping <10 h consuming on average 120 calories (15.2% of daily intake) more at night than those sleeping ≥13 h. The majority of nighttime intake was from milk drinks. Associations remained after adjusting for age, sex, birth weight, gestational age, maternal education, weight and daytime sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Shorter-sleeping, young children consume more calories, predominantly at night, and from milk drinks. Parents should be aware that providing milk drinks at night may contribute to excess intake. This provides a clear target for intervention that may help address associations between sleep and weight observed in later childhood.

Associations between infant feeding and the size, tempo and velocity of infant weight gain: SITAR analysis of the Gemini twin birth cohort.

OBJECTIVE: Infant growth trajectories, in terms of size, tempo and velocity, may programme lifelong obesity risk. Timing of breastfeeding cessation and weaning are both implicated in rapid infant growth; we examined the association of both simultaneously with a range of growth parameters. DESIGN: Longitudinal population-based twin birth cohort. SUBJECTS: The Gemini cohort provided data on 4680 UK infants with a median of 10 (interquartile range=8-15) weight measurements between birth and a median of 6.5 months. Age at breastfeeding cessation and weaning were reported by parents at mean age 8.2 months (s.d.=2.2, range=4-20). Growth trajectories were modelled using SuperImposition by Translation And Rotation (SITAR) to generate three descriptors of individual growth relative to the average trajectory: size (grams), tempo (weeks, indicating the timing of the peak growth rate) and velocity (% difference from average, reflecting mean growth rate). Complex-samples general linear models adjusting for family clustering and confounders examined associations between infant feeding and SITAR parameters. RESULTS: Longer breastfeeding (>4 months vs never) was independently associated with lower growth velocity by 6.8% (s.e.=1.3%) and delayed growth tempo by 1.0 (s.e.=0.2 weeks), but not with smaller size. Later weaning (⩾6 months vs <4 months) was independently associated with lower growth velocity by 4.9% (s.e.=1.1%) and smaller size by 102 g (s.e.=25 g). CONCLUSIONS: Infants breastfed for longer grew slower for longer after birth (later peak growth rate) but were no different in size, while infants weaned later grew slower overall and were smaller but the timing of peak growth did not differ. Slower trajectories with a delayed peak in growth may have beneficial implications for programming later obesity risk. Replication in cohorts with longer follow-up, alternative confounding structures or randomised controlled trials are required to confirm the long-term effects and directionality, and to rule out residual confounding.

Sleep and energy intake in early childhood.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Shorter sleep is associated with higher weight in children, but little is known about the mechanisms. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that shorter sleep was associated with higher energy intake in early childhood. METHODS: Participants were 1303 families from the Gemini twin birth cohort. Sleep duration was measured using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire when the children were 16 months old. Total energy intake (kcal per day) and grams per day of fat, carbohydrate and protein were derived from 3-day diet diaries completed by parents when children were 21 months old. RESULTS: Shorter nighttime sleep was associated with higher total energy intake (P for linear trend=0.005). Children sleeping <10 h consumed around 50 kcal per day more than those sleeping 11-<12 h a night (the optimal sleep duration for children of this age). Differences in energy intake were maintained after adjustment for confounders. As a percentage of total energy intake, there were no significant differences in macronutrient intake by sleep duration. The association between sleep and weight was not significant at this age (P=0.13). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first evidence that shorter nighttime sleep duration has a linear association with higher energy intake early in life. That the effect is observed before emergence of associations between sleep and weight indicates that differences in energy intake may be a mechanism through which sleep influences weight gain.

Family and infant characteristics associated with timing of core and non-core food introduction in early childhood.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To identify family and infant characteristics associated with timing of introduction of two food types: core foods (nutrient-dense) and non-core foods (nutrient-poor) in a population-based sample of mothers and infants. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Participants were 1861 mothers and infants from the Gemini twin birth cohort (one child per family). Family and infant characteristics were assessed when the infants were around 8 months old. Timing of introducing core and non-core foods was assessed at 8 and 15 months. As the distributions of timing were skewed, three similar-sized groups were created for each food type: earlier (core: 1-4 months; non-core: 3-8 months), average (core: 5 months; non-core: 9-10 months) and later introduction (core: 6-12 months; non-core: 11-18 months). Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine predictors of core and non-core food introduction, with bootstrapping to test for differences between the core and non-core models. RESULTS: Younger maternal age, lower education level and higher maternal body mass index were associated with earlier core and non-core food introduction. Not breastfeeding for at least 3 months and higher birth weight were specifically associated with earlier introduction of core foods. Having older children was specifically associated with earlier introduction of non-core foods. CONCLUSIONS: There are similarities and differences in the characteristics associated with earlier introduction of core and non-core foods. Successful interventions may require a combination of approaches to target both food types.

Socioeconomic status and weight gain in early infancy.

CONTEXT: The association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and childhood obesity foreshadows lifelong inequalities in health. Insight into the causal mechanisms linking childhood adversity to long-term health could be provided by discovering when the negative SES gradient in weight emerges and what early life experiences are associated with it. OBJECTIVE: SES differences in infant weight gain in the first 3 months of life were examined, and contributions of parental body mass index, maternal smoking and feeding method to this association were assessed. DESIGN: Observational study using longitudinal weight data from 2402 families taking part in the Gemini Study; a twin birth cohort recruited from all twin births between March and December 2007 in England and Wales. OUTCOME MEASURES: Infant weights at birth and 3 months converted to standard deviation scores (SDS), change in weight SDS and rapid growth. SES was indexed by occupation and maternal education. RESULTS: There were no SES differences in birth weight, but lower SES was associated with higher 3-month weight, greater change in weight and a higher prevalence of rapid growth (all P < 0.01), with graded associations across levels of SES. Including parental overweight or smoking in pregnancy in the regression model did not affect the association between SES and weight gain, but including feeding method attenuated the SES effect on weight gain by at least 62% and rendered it nonsignificant. CONCLUSION: The foundations for lifelong socioeconomic inequalities in obesity risk may be laid in early infancy, with infant-feeding practices having a part in the diverging weight trajectories.

Eating behaviour and weight in children.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that quantitative variation in eating behaviour traits shows a graded association with weight in children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional design in a community setting. SUBJECTS: Data were from 406 families participating in the Physical Exercise and Appetite in CHildren Study (PEACHES) or the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). Children were aged 7-9 years (PEACHES) and 9-12 years (TEDS). MEASUREMENTS: Weights and heights were measured by researchers. Body mass index (BMI) s.d. scores were used to categorize participants into underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obese groups, with an additional division of the healthy weight group into higher and lower healthy weight at the 50th centile. Eating behaviour traits were assessed with the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ), completed by the parents on behalf of their child. Linear trend analyses compared CEBQ subscale scores across the five weight groups. RESULTS: Satiety Responsiveness/Slowness in Eating and Food Fussiness showed a graded negative association with weight, whereas Food Responsiveness, Enjoyment of Food, Emotional Overeating and Desire to Drink were positively associated. All effects were maintained after controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, parental education and sample. There was no systematic association with weight for Emotional Undereating. CONCLUSION: These results support the idea that approach-related and avoidance-related appetitive traits are systematically (and oppositely) related to adiposity, and not exclusively associated with obesity. Early assessment of these traits could be used as indicators of susceptibility to weight gain.

Adiposity and 'eating in the absence of hunger' in children.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) and adiposity in children. DESIGN: Two cross-sectional studies in community settings. SUBJECTS: For study 1, 348 children (178 girls and 170 boys) aged 7-9 years were recruited as part of the Physical Exercise and Appetite in Children Study. In study 2, participants were a subsample of children aged 9-12 years (N=316; 192 girls and 124 boys) from the Twins Early Development Study. MEASUREMENTS: EAH was operationalized as intake of highly palatable sweet snacks after a mixed meal at school (study 1) or home (study 2). Weight (kg) and height (m) measurements were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI) s.d. scores. Children were grouped using the standard criteria for underweight, healthy weight, overweight and obesity. The healthy weight range was further subdivided into lower healthy weight (50th centile) to examine the distribution of EAH across the adiposity continuum. RESULTS: In both studies, EAH showed a significant positive association with adiposity in boys after adjusting for covariates (P<0.001), with a linear increase in the intake across underweight, healthy weight and overweight groups. The association between EAH and adiposity was not significant in girls in either study, although in study 1, results showed a quadratic trend, with EAH increasing through the underweight and healthy weight ranges and decreasing in overweight and obese groups. CONCLUSION: EAH is a behavioural phenotype that is not specific to overweight children but instead shows a graded association with adiposity across the weight continuum, particularly in boys. In this study, the effect was less pronounced in girls, which may reflect social desirability pressures constraining food intake among heavier girls.

Continuity and stability of eating behaviour traits in children.

OBJECTIVE: To discover whether eating behaviour traits show continuity and stability over childhood. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Mothers of 428 twin children from the Twins Early Development Study participated in a study of eating and weight in 1999 when the children were 4 years old. Families were contacted again in 2006 when the children were aged 10 years, with complete data on 322 children; a response rate of 75%. At both times, mothers completed the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) for each child. Continuity was assessed with correlations between scores at the two time points, and stability by changes in mean scores over time. RESULTS: For all CEBQ subscales, correlations between the two time points were highly significant (P-values <0.001). For satiety responsiveness, slowness in eating, food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, emotional overeating and food fussiness, correlations ranged from r=0.44 to 0.55, with lower continuity for emotional undereating (r=0.29). Over time, satiety responsiveness, slowness in eating, food fussiness, and emotional undereating decreased, while food responsiveness, enjoyment of food and emotional overeating increased. CONCLUSIONS: Eating behaviours, including those associated with a tendency to overeat, emerge early in the developmental pathway and show levels of individual continuity comparable to stable personality traits. Appetitive traits related to higher satiety tended to decrease with maturation, while those associated with food responsiveness tended to increase. This pattern is consistent with strong tracking of body mass index alongside a progressive increase in the risk of obesity.

[Caries prevalence and oral health among schoolchildren]. / Gebitstoestand en mondgezondheid van basisschoolkinderen.

Last decennia much attention has been paid to improve the oral health of schoolchildren. The purpose of this study was to examine the present caries prevalence and the state of oral health of schoolchildren. Therefore 1.147 children from group 2 and group 8 of the primary school (6 and 12 years of age) in the province Drenthe were examined. Of the children 33% had caries and 13% had gingivitis. The highest percentages of caries were found in the low SES-group and among children that have education at schools for children with special needs. The study showed that these children brushed their teeth less often, they visited the dentist for the first time at an older age and they were eating many snacks. Children who had received an instruction in how to brush one's teeth, did not score better in the caries prevalence compared to children without previous instruction. Also the children whose parents had information about oral health, did not score better than the other children.

Low control beliefs, classical coronary risk factors, and socio-economic differences in heart disease in older persons.

The objective of this study was to examine whether it is through their low control beliefs that low socio-economic status groups have higher risks of heart disease, and to examine whether this mechanism is more substantial than and independent of the mechanism via classical coronary risk factors. In a population-based prospective cohort study, participants were selected from 27 general practices in the north-eastern part of The Netherlands. In 1993, there were 3888 men and women, 57 years and older, who were without prevalent heart disease. During the 5-year follow-up period, 287 cases of incident heart disease (acute myocardial infarction and/or congestive heart failure) were registered (7%). Persons with a low socio-economic status had higher risks of heart disease (RR = 1.45 (95% CI: 1.06 - 1.99)) compared with their high status counterparts. On average, 4 percent of the socio-economic differences were accounted for by the classical coronary risk factors (e.g. smoking, hypertension) compared with 30 percent by the control beliefs. The contribution of the latter was largely independent of the former. Our findings support the hypothesis that socio-economic inequalities in heart disease-at least in middle-aged and older persons-may be based upon differences in control beliefs, more than upon differences in smoking rates and other classical risk factors.

Gender-specific changes in quality of life following cardiovascular disease: a prospective study.

Gender-specific changes in Quality of Life (QoL) following cardiovascular disease (CVD) were studied in 208 patients to determine whether gender-related differences in postmorbid QoL result from differences in disease severity, premorbid QoL, or different CVD-related recovery. Premorbid data were available from a community-based survey. Follow-ups were done at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after diagnosis. Results showed that females had worse QoL at all three postmorbid assessments compared to males. However, multivariate analyses adjusting for premorbid gender differences and disease severity showed no significant gender-related differences for physical and psychologic functioning. Therefore, gender differences in QoL following CVD mainly result from premorbid differences in QoL, age, comorbidity, and disease severity at the time of diagnosis, and do not appear to be the consequence of gender-specific recovery. However, in clinical practice it is important to acknowledge the poorer QoL of females following CVD.