The effect of VoorZorg, the Dutch nurse-family partnership, on child maltreatment and development: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Child maltreatment is a great public health concern that has long-term mental and physical health consequences and can result in death. We studied the effect of a nurse home visiting program on child maltreatment among young disadvantaged families in The Netherlands. This study is the first to investigate the effects of this program outside of the United States. METHODS: We conducted a single blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial that compared usual care with the nurse home visitation program, which began during pregnancy and continued until the children's second birthdays, in 460 disadvantaged women who were pregnant for the first time and <26 years of age. The primary outcome was the existence of a report about the child from a child protecting services agency (CPS reports). Secondary outcome measures included home environment and child behavior. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-three participants were assigned to the control group, and 237 were assigned to the intervention group. Three years after birth, 19% of the children in the control group had a CPS report. The 11 percent of children in the intervention group with CPS files was significantly lower (relative risk 0.91, p-value 0.04). At 24 months, the intervention group scored significantly better on the IT-HOME. At 24 months after birth, the children in the intervention group exhibited a significant improvement in internalizing behavior (relative risk 0.56, p-value 0.04) but no evidence of a difference from the control group in externalizing behavior (relative risk 0.71, p-value 0.12). CONCLUSION: The number of CPS reports for the intervention group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Additionally, the long-term home environments were improved and internalizing behaviors of the children were lower in the intervention group. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Dutch Trial Register NTR854.

[Domestic violence in the accident and emergency department: don't forget the children]. / Huiselijk geweld op de SEH: denk aan de kindcheck.

In 2013, the Dutch Government mandated a new policy stating that all healthcare professionals caring for adults in difficult psychosocial situations should always investigate the safety of any children involved. We describe two cases of such 'child checks' in the accident and emergency department (A&E). Patient A, a 10-year-old girl, was referred to the outpatient paediatric department (OPD) after her mother had attended the A&E as a victim of domestic violence (DV). The child had witnessed DV on multiple occasions. The family were referred to voluntary social and psychiatric healthcare. Patient B, a 46 year-old woman, attended the A&E with serious injuries, and said she had tripped over. The A&E physician suspected that the injuries were caused by DV, and the mother and her 9-year-old daughter were referred to the OPD. However, the mother refused to attend, and the family was reported to the Youth Care Office. Because parents' psychosocial problems, such as DV, can seriously affect children, their safety should always be investigated by performing a 'child check'.

Effects of nurse home visitation on cigarette smoking, pregnancy outcomes and breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: antenatal smoking is more prevalent among young women with low socio-economic status. The aim of our study is to assess whether the VoorZorg programme, compared to usual care, is effective in reducing cigarette smoking among young high risk pregnant women. Furthermore, the effect of VoorZorg on pregnancy outcomes and on breast feeding will be described. DESIGN: a randomised controlled trial of VoorZorg, a nurse home visitation intervention, was undertaken over a 2½ year period from 2007 to 2009. Data were collected between 16 and 28 weeks gestation, 32 weeks gestation and at two months post partum on cigarette smoking status plus six months post partum for breastfeeding prevalence. Neonatal birth weight and gestation at birth were also collected. SETTING: participants living in 20 municipalities in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: 460 pregnant women were recruited by different professionals. Inclusion criteria were age <26 years, ≤28 weeks pregnancy with the first child, low educational level and some knowledge of the Dutch language. INTERVENTIONS: women in the intervention group received, in addition to usual care, the VoorZorg programme which consisted of 40-60 home visits by specialised nurses from pregnancy until two years after birth. FINDINGS: the percentage of smokers was significantly lower in the intervention group (40%) compared to the control group (48%) during pregnancy (p=0.03) and at two months post birth (49% and 62%; p=0.02). During pregnancy the number of daily cigarettes smoked was reduced in both groups. After birth, the intervention group smoked 50% less cigarettes compared to the control group (C: 8±10; I: 4±7 (mean±standard deviation (SD)), p=0.01). Furthermore, women in the intervention group did not smoke near the baby (C: 2±5; I: 0±0 (mean±SD) p=0.03). Birth weight and gestational age were similar in both groups (C: 3147g, 40 weeks; I: 3144g, 39 weeks (p=0.94, p=0.17)). Significantly more women in the intervention group were still breast feeding their baby at six months post -birth (C: 6%; I: 13%, p=0.04). KEY CONCLUSIONS: VoorZorg seemed to be effective in reducing cigarette smoking and in increasing breastfeeding duration. No effect was found on pregnancy outcomes.

Effect of nurse home visits vs. usual care on reducing intimate partner violence in young high-risk pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Expectant mothers and mothers of young children are especially vulnerable to intimate partner violence (IPV). The nurse-family partnership (NFP) is a home visitation program in the United States effective for the prevention of adverse child health outcomes. Evidence regarding the effect of nurse home visiting on IPV is inconsistent. This study aims to study the effect of VoorZorg, the Dutch NFP, on IPV. METHODS: A random sample of 460 eligible disadvantaged women <26 years, with no previous live births, was randomized. Women in the control group (C; n=223) received usual care; women in the intervention group (I; n=237) received usual care plus nurse home visits periodically during pregnancy and until the child's second birthday. RESULTS: At 32 weeks of pregnancy, women in the intervention group self-reported significantly less IPV victimization than women in the control group in: level 2 psychological aggression (C: 56% vs. I: 39%), physical assault level 1 (C: 58% vs. I: 40%) and level 2 (C: 31% vs. I: 20%), and level 1 sexual coercion (C: 16% vs. I: 8%). Furthermore, women in the intervention group reported significantly less IPV perpetration in: level 2 psychological aggression (C: 60% vs. I: 46%), level 1 physical assault (C: 65% vs. I: 52%), and level 1 injury (C: 27% vs. I: 17%). At 24 months after birth, IPV victimization was significantly lower in the intervention group for level 1 physical assault (C: 44% vs. I: 26%), and IPV perpetration was significantly lower for level 1 sexual assault (C: 18% vs. I: 3%). Multilevel analyses showed a significant improvement in IPV victimization and perpetration among women in the intervention group at 24 months after birth. CONCLUSION: VoorZorg, compared with the usual care, is effective in reducing IPV during pregnancy and in the two years after birth among young high-risk women. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Dutch Trial Register NTR854 http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=854.

[Guideline 'Incontinence urine and feces' of the Dutch Preventive Youth Health Care]. / Jeugdgezondheidszorgrichtlijn 'Zindelijkheid urine en feces'.

Continence problems can occur during childhood. This guideline is for the Dutch Youth Health Care (JGZ) and gives recommendations for the prevention, early detection and treatment of these problems. As a preventative measure advices for potty training should be started in children aged 18-24 months. If incontinence is present, it is important to take a history and carry out physical examination. In children over the age of 5 who are incontinent of urine the following are recommended: taking child out of bed, calendar with reward system, bedwetting alarm or voiding diary; children over the age of 8 can follow dry bed training. Faecal incontinence is often associated with constipation. Incontinent children with constipation are given advice about normal eating and exercise patterns. If this is not successful then laxatives are prescribed. The JGZ should refer further if there are indications of an underlying condition; if children over the age of 5 are wet during the day; if children are incontinent of faeces at night; if children are incontinent of faeces but not constipated; if children persistently wet the bed; if there is faecal incontinence despite counselling, and if medication needs to be prescribed.

Changes and tracking of fat mass in pubertal girls.

Puberty is a critical period in body composition development. The influence of puberty on the development of fat mass asks for further investigation. We investigated the development of fat mass during puberty in a longitudinal prospective study in 152 healthy nonobese white girls, initial ages between 9 to 12 years. The influence of menarcheal age and the existing of tracking of fat mass have been analyzed. In 10 years time, participants were measured on eight time points. Various anthropometric data were collected, breast development was staged according to Tanner and body composition was determined with the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. Calculations were made with the use of a linear mixed model. Fat mass increases from 7.9 kg (23.6%) at B1 to 18.5 kg (29.3%) at B5. Fat mass is higher in girls with an early menarche than in girls with a late menarche from B2. Girls in the quartile with initially the lowest fat mass have a chance of being in the same quartile after 10 years of 77% (P < 0.001). Girls in the quartile with initially the highest fat mass, have a risk of staying in the highest quartile of 55% (P < 0.001). Menarcheal age is of great influence on the development of fat mass. Girls with an early menarche, will have a bigger fat mass, especially at the end of puberty. Tracking of fat mass exists: a high amount of fat mass in early puberty will continue to exist at young adulthood.

The short- and long-term effects of simple behavioral interventions for nocturnal enuresis in young children: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the short- and long-term effects of 3 simple behavioral interventions to overcome nocturnal enuresis in young children. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a randomized controlled trial in children aged four to five years with mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis (n = 570). The children were placed in one of four groups: (1) lifting to urinate and ask for a password; (2) the same as group 1, without a password; (3) using a reward system; or (4) a control group. Each participant was asked to carry out the appointed intervention for 6 months or until 14 consecutive dry nights occurred, which was the continence criterion. A follow-up was performed approximately 3 years after the study. RESULTS: After 6 months, lifting the child to the toilet without the use of a password was the only intervention that resulted in significantly more dry children (37%) than the control group (21%). Three years later, both lifting groups had the highest (78%) and the control group the lowest (69%) percentage of dry children. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention lifting to urinate without the use of a password leads to more dry children compared with no active treatment in children aged 4 to 5 years with nocturnal enuresis.

Alarm treatment is successful in children with day- and night-time wetting.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of alarm treatment in children with day- and night-time wetting compared to those with night-time wetting only. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 37 consecutive children (25 boys, 12 girls), all of whom suffered from both day- and night-time wetting, were compared to a group of 21 boys and 16 girls with nocturnal enuresis only. In both groups the age range was 5-13 years. Inclusion criteria were at least two wet nights a week in the previous 4 weeks combined with day-time wetting. The parents were asked to complete a diary during the study period. RESULTS: Sixty-five percent of the children with day- and night-time wetting became dry at night, the average time needed being 49 days (range 22-134 days). Seventy-six percent of the children with only night-time wetting became dry at night, the average time needed being 52 days (range 22-121 days). No significant differences were found between the success rates for the two groups or between the different age groups in the two groups. Of the children with day- and night-time wetting who became dry at night after alarm treatment, 42% also became dry during the day-time. Two years after alarm treatment, 15/16 traced children were still dry at night and all 10 traced children were still dry during the day-time. CONCLUSIONS: As with children with only night-time wetting, the majority of children with day- and night-time wetting become dry at night with the use of an enuresis alarm. The results are good compared to the spontaneous cure rate. By using alarm treatment at night, children often also become dry during the day.