Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881): A pioneering Russian surgeon and medical scientist.

Nikolay Pirogov qualified as a physician from Moscow University in 1828 and then studied surgery and anatomy at University of Dorpat. He developed new surgical techniques, including the eponymous osteoplastic foot amputation. His application of scientifically based techniques extended surgery from a craft to a science. During the Crimean War he initiated the deployment of women as nurses and used triage for dealing with mass casualties. His textbook on field surgery became the standard reference on the subject and his principles remained virtually unchanged until the Second World War. Pirogov died on 5 December 1881 at his estate in Vishnya.

Haemoglobin predicts length of hospital stay after hip fracture surgery in older patients.

OBJECTIVES: Treating anaemia in older patients who have undergone hip fracture surgery is to enhance functional recovery. The relationship between peri-operative haemoglobin levels and outcome after hip fracture surgery are controversial. We assessed whether higher haemoglobin levels predict length of hospital stay after hip fracture surgery in elderly subjects. STUDY DESIGN: A follow-up study in a historical cohort was performed in 317 patients aged 65 years old undergoing hip fracture surgery over the period 2004-2006 at the Leiden University Medical Centre. MEAN OUTCOME MEASURES: Linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between pre- and post-operative haemoglobin level and length of hospital stay after controlling for age and sex. RESULTS: Anaemia after hip fracture surgery was present among 86% of the patients. Length of hospital stay after hip fracture surgery in elderly subjects with post-operative anaemia (10.7 days) was significantly longer than in elderly subjects without post-operative anaemia (7.5 days, p=0.007). Post-operative haemoglobin levels and length of hospital stay were inversely related (p=0.013). The length of hospital stay was not related with pre-operative haemoglobin level. CONCLUSION: Higher postoperative haemoglobin levels predict shorter length of hospital stay after hip fracture surgery in the elderly. A definitive randomized clinical trial has to demonstrate whether this association is causal.

Displaced distal forearm fractures in children with an indication for reduction under general anesthesia should be percutaneously fixated.

PURPOSE: Worldwide, many displaced distal forearm fractures in children are treated by closed reduction under local anesthesia and cast immobilization. If mal-alignment of the fracture persists after initial reduction attempt, final fracture reduction will be performed under general anesthesia, followed by cast immobilization. The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of minimally invasive fixation with K-Wire or ESIN after fracture reduction in children under general anesthesia, compared with the results of closed reduction and plaster immobilization. We hypothesize that primary percutaneous fixation prevents secondary redisplacement and reduces the number of secondary interventions. METHODS: All skeletally immature children who sustained a distal forearm fracture, and treated under general anesthesia in the operation room (OR), were included. The patients were analyzed according to three treatment groups and fracture type. The primary outcome measure was the number of patients who required a second procedure of fracture reduction after initial treatment. RESULTS: A considerable amount of children with displaced distal forearm fractures treated by closed reduction and cast immobilization show loss of reduction and require secondary reduction (43.7%). After closed reduction with primary internal fixation, with minimally invasive techniques such as K-wires or ESIN, secondary loss of reduction did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: Additional internal fixation after reduction of a forearm fracture minimizes the secondary displacement risk and the subsequent risk of a re-intervention. Therefore, primary minimal invasive fixation of displaced distal forearm fractures after closed reduction under general anesthesia seems preferable to closed reduction only and is strongly recommended as the preferred treatment strategy.

Only MR can safely exclude patients from arthroscopy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine in patients with subacute knee complaints and normal standardized physical examination the fraction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies showing arthroscopically treatable intra-articular pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 290 consecutive patients (between 16 and 45 years) with at least 4 weeks of knee complaints and low clinical suspicion of intra-articular pathology based on physical exam. Two hundred seventy-four patients were included. Sixteen patients with prior knee surgery, rheumatic arthritis, or severe osteoarthritis were excluded. MRI was used to assign patients to group 1 (treatable abnormalities) or group 2 (normal or no treatable findings), depending on whether MR demonstrated treatable pathology. Arthroscopy was performed in group 1 patients. If symptoms persisted for 3 months in group 2 patients, cross over to arthroscopy was allowed. RESULTS: MR showed treatable pathology in 73 patients (26.6%). Arthroscopy was performed in 64 patients of 73 patients (group 1). In 52 patients (81.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 71.4-91.1%), arthroscopy was therapeutic. Of the 13 arthroscopies (6.5%) in group 2, four were therapeutic (30.8%, 95% CI 1.7-59.8). The highest fraction of MR studies showing treatable pathology was found in males, aged over 30 years, with a history of effusion (54.5%, six of 11 patients). CONCLUSION: Authors believe that the negative predictive value of clinical assessment in patients with subacute knee complaints is too low to exclude these patients from MR. MR should at least be considered in male patients aged 30 years and over with a history of effusion.

Are radiographs needed when MR imaging is performed for non-acute knee symptoms in patients younger than 45 years of age?

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the value of radiographs in young adults with non-acute knee symptoms who are scheduled for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine hundred and sixty-one consecutive patients aged between 16 and 45 years with knee symptoms of at least 4 weeks' duration were prospectively included in three participating hospitals. After applying exclusion criteria, 798 patients remained. Exclusion criteria were previous knee surgery (including arthroscopy) or MRI, history of rheumatoid arthritis, clinical diagnosis of retropatellar chondromalacia, contra-indication for MRI and recent trauma. We identified two groups: group A with no history of trauma (n = 332), and group B with an old (>4 weeks) history of trauma (n = 466). Patients had a standardized history taken, and underwent a physical exam, antero-posterior (AP) and lateral radiographs and MRI. We evaluated the radiographs and MRI for osseous lesions, articular surface lesions, fractures, osteoarthritis, loose bodies, bone marrow edema and incidental findings. Subsequently, patients with osseous abnormalities (Kellgren grade 1 and 2 excluded) on radiographs and a matched control group was evaluated again using MRI without radiographs. RESULTS: Median duration of symptoms was 20 weeks. In group A, radiographs showed 36 osseous abnormalities in 332 patients (10.8%). Only 13 of these, all Kellgren grade 1 osteoarthritis, were not confirmed on MRI. MRI showed 72 (21.7%) additional abnormalities not confirmed on radiographs. In group B, radiographs showed 40 osseous abnormalities (8.6%) in 466 patients. Only 15 of these, all Kellgren grade 1 osteoarthritis, were not confirmed on MRI. MRI showed 194 (41.6%) additional abnormalities not confirmed on radiographs. The second evaluation of MRI without radiographs in 34 patients was identical to the first MRI evaluation. Common lesions were significantly more often diagnosed with MRI than with radiographs. CONCLUSION: Radiographs should not be obtained routinely when MRI is being performed in young adults with non-acute knee complaints because the yield and added value to MRI are low.

MR imaging: effectiveness and costs at triage of patients with nonacute knee symptoms.

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the cost and effectiveness of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging performed to exclude the need for arthroscopy in patients with nonacute knee symptoms who are highly suspected clinically of having intraarticular knee abnormality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was approved by the institutional review boards of three hospitals; informed patient consent was obtained. All 584 included patients (406 male, 178 female; mean age, 31.1 years+/-8.0 [standard deviation]) underwent MR imaging. Patients with an MR result positive for the diagnosis of intraarticular knee abnormality underwent arthroscopy (group A). Patients with a negative MR result were randomly assigned to undergo either conservative (group B) or arthroscopic (group C) treatment. Treatment was considered effective if the Noyes function score had increased 10% or more at 6 months. A cost analysis was performed from a societal perspective to compare the treatment strategy involving MR imaging with the strategy not involving MR imaging. RESULTS: Of the 584 patients, 294 (50.3%) were assigned to group A; 149 (25.5%), to group B; and 141 (24.1%), to group C. At 6 months, the number of patients effectively treated in group B (conservative treatment) was a mean of 5.1%+/-10.0 larger than the number of patients effectively treated in group C (arthroscopy). Owing to savings in productivity costs, total societal costs were lower with use of the strategy involving MR imaging by a mean of $153+/-488 (P=.54). CONCLUSION: MR imaging can be used without additional costs or disadvantageous effects on function to obviate arthroscopy in patients with nonacute knee symptoms who are highly suspected of having intraarticular knee abnormality.