Subject(s)
Hallucinogens/adverse effects , Illicit Drugs/adverse effects , Nitrous Oxide/adverse effects , Recreational Drug Use , Substance-Related Disorders/complications , Thromboembolism/chemically induced , Administration, Inhalation , Adult , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Embolectomy , Female , Hallucinogens/administration & dosage , Humans , Male , Nitrous Oxide/administration & dosage , Severity of Illness Index , Thrombectomy , Thromboembolism/diagnostic imaging , Thromboembolism/physiopathology , Thromboembolism/therapy , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is increasingly used as a recreational drug, and is presumed relatively safe and innocent. The risks for neurological complications are often known, however the risks of serious thromboembolic events are not. We describe three cases of acute thromboembolic events resulting in serious cardiovascular complications after N2O abuse: one case of myocardial infarction that resulted in a reduced ejection fraction, one case of peripheral arterial occlusion that led to limb amputation and one case of pulmonary embolism that resulted in hemodynamic instability requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and surgical removal. All patients were young adults with a low cardiovascular risk profile. N2O inactivates vitamin B12, leading to vitamin B12 deficiency and subsequent to hyperhomocysteinemia, which is associated with the formation of fibrinolysis-resistant blood thrombi. In conclusion, we contest the safety and innocence of recreational N2O (ab)use. Our three cases illustrate that, next to previously described neurological complications, the use of nitrous oxide is associated with thromboembolic cardiovascular complications, presumably mediated by hyperhomocysteinemia.
Subject(s)
Illicit Drugs/adverse effects , Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced , Nitrous Oxide/adverse effects , Thromboembolism/chemically induced , Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/complications , Female , Humans , Male , Nervous System Diseases/therapy , Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced , Risk Assessment , Substance-Related Disorders/etiology , Thromboembolism/therapy , Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/etiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Non-maturation is a frequent complication of radiocephalic arteriovenous fistulas (RCAVF). In an animal model, liposomal prednisolone improved maturation of experimental fistulas. The Liposomal Prednisolone to Improve Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation (LIPMAT) study investigates if liposomal prednisolone improves RCAVF maturation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The LIPMAT study is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial with 1:1 randomization to liposomal prednisolone or placebo. Eighty patients receiving an RCAVF will be included. The primary outcome is the cephalic vein diameter six weeks after surgery, measured by ultrasound. The LIPMAT study started in May 2016. Enrollment is expected to be completed by the end of 2017. CONCLUSIONS: The LIPMAT study is the first to evaluate the efficacy of liposomal prednisolone to enhance RCAVF maturation.
Subject(s)
Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical/methods , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Graft Occlusion, Vascular/prevention & control , Prednisolone/administration & dosage , Radial Artery/surgery , Renal Dialysis , Upper Extremity/blood supply , Veins/surgery , Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical/adverse effects , Clinical Protocols , Double-Blind Method , Glucocorticoids/adverse effects , Graft Occlusion, Vascular/diagnostic imaging , Graft Occlusion, Vascular/etiology , Graft Occlusion, Vascular/physiopathology , Humans , Liposomes , Netherlands , Prednisolone/adverse effects , Radial Artery/physiopathology , Research Design , Treatment Outcome , Ultrasonography , Vascular Patency , Veins/diagnostic imaging , Veins/physiopathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Falls in older people are a common presenting complaint. Knowledge of modifiable risk factors may lead to a more tailored approach to prevent recurrent falls and/or fractures. We investigated prevalence of 8 modifiable risk factors for recurrent falling and/or a serious consequence of the fall among older patients visiting the emergency department after a fall with the Combined Amsterdam and Rotterdam Evaluation of Falls Triage Instrument (CTI), a self-administrated questionnaire that consists of questions concerning demographics, possible cause(s) of the fall, and questions relating to (modifiable) risk factors for falling. METHODS: After treatment for their injuries, 1077 consecutive patients 65 years or older visiting the accident and emergency department due to a fall were evaluated by the CTI. The following were assessed: impaired vision, mobility disorder, fear of falling, mood disorder, high risk of osteoporosis, orthostatic hypotension, incontinence, and polypharmacy. RESULTS: The percentage of respondents who returned the questionnaire was 59.3%. The mean (SD) age was 78.5 (7.5) years, and 57.8% experienced a fall with serious consequences. There were 60.9% of patients with a recurrent fall versus 51% with a first fall who experienced with a serious consequence (P = .025). Age and risk factors mobility disorder (odds ratio [OR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-3.3), high risk of osteoporosis (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.2), incontinence (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-2.7), fear of falling (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3-3.7), and orthostatic hypotension (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.2) were independently associated with a recurrent fall. Age and high risk of osteoporosis were the only risk factors predicting a serious consequence of a fall (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 2.9-7.2). CONCLUSIONS: Age and 5 modifiable risk factors assessed with the CTI were independently associated with a recurrent fall. Only high risk of osteoporosis was associated with a serious consequence.
