[Treatment of multiple sclerosis]. / Behandelmogelijkheden bij multiple sclerose.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, caused by an autoimmune reaction. Treatment options have largely increased over the years. In this article, we present two clinical cases. Patient A has a classic relapsing remitting course of multiple sclerosis with satisfactory effect on second line therapy. Patient B had a stable disease course until a new relapse occurred after the initiation of TNF-alpha blocking therapy because of Crohn's disease. The co-occurrence of multiple auto-immune diseases creates challenges, but also opportunities in choosing the right treatment strategy.

Successful treatment of respiratory failure in Hirayama disease.

Hirayama disease is a self-limiting cervical motor neuron disease, usually affecting the spinal cord at level C7-T1. We share an unusual case of Hirayama disease in a young man affecting roots C4-C6. He presented in coma due to diaphragm weakness and hypercapnic respiratory failure. Diagnosis was achieved via clinical presentation, neurophysiological examination, ultrasonography of the diaphragm and dynamic MR-imaging. Conservative treatment with a cervical collar resulted in remarkable improvement in respiratory and motor function.

Prospective trial of natalizumab personalised extended interval dosing by therapeutic drug monitoring in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (NEXT-MS).

BACKGROUND: Extended interval dosing (EID) of natalizumab is a promising strategy to optimise treatment in multiple sclerosis (MS). Personalised EID by therapeutic drug monitoring can enable further extension of treatment intervals. METHODS: The NEXT-MS trial is an investigator-initiated prospective phase IV non-randomised study. Adults with a diagnosis of relapsing-remitting MS who received ≥6 natalizumab infusions were included in three groups: personalised EID with a target drug trough concentration of 10 µg/mL (EID10), an exploratory group of personalised EID with a target of 5 µg/mL (EID5) and standard interval dosing (SID) of 4 weeks. The primary outcome is radiological disease activity (new/newly enlarged T2 lesions) comparing the EID10 group to a historical cohort of SID (HSID). RESULTS: Results of the first phase of the NEXT-MS trial are reported here (n=376) as the study will continue with an amended protocol. In the EID10 group (n=251), incidence rate of radiological activity was 10.0 per 1000 person-years, which was non-inferior to the HSID cohort (24.7 per 1000 person-years (n=87), incidence rate difference 14.7, 90% CI -4.5 to 34.0). Incidence rate of radiological activity was 10.0 per 1000 person-years in the EID5 group (n=65), and 47.0 per 1000 person-years in the SID group (n=60). Serum neurofilament light levels did not increase over time within the EID groups. There were no cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. CONCLUSIONS: MS disease activity is adequately controlled with personalised natalizumab EID. Interval extension to a drug trough concentration of 5 µg/mL is likely a safe target to extend natalizumab treatment intervals >6 weeks. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04225312.

Personalized B-cell tailored dosing of ocrelizumab in patients with multiple sclerosis during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In this observational study, 159 patients with multiple sclerosis received personalized dosing of ocrelizumab incentivized by the COVID-19 pandemic. Re-dosing was scheduled when CD19 B-cell count was ⩾10 cells/µL (starting 24 weeks after the previous dose, repeated 4-weekly). Median interval until re-dosing or last B-cell count was 34 [30-38] weeks. No clinical relapses were reported and a minority of patients showed Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) progression. Monthly serum neurofilament light levels remained stable during extended intervals. Two (1.9%) of 107 patients with a follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed radiological disease activity. Personalized dosing of ocrelizumab could significantly extend intervals with low short-term disease activity incidence, encouraging future research on long-term safety and efficacy.

Natalizumab concentrations during pregnancy in three patients with multiple sclerosis.

In women with very active multiple sclerosis (MS), natalizumab can be continued during pregnancy to prevent rebound disease activity. Our aim was to evaluate changes in serum natalizumab trough concentrations during pregnancy. Blood samples of 3 patients were collected before, during, and after pregnancy. Natalizumab trough concentrations gradually decreased during pregnancy. The patient with the lowest trough concentrations during the third trimester was treated with extended interval dosing (EID). After delivery, natalizumab concentrations increased to similar levels as before pregnancy. All patients remained clinically and radiologically stable. MS neurologists should be aware of decreasing natalizumab concentrations during pregnancy, especially in patients with low initial trough concentrations and patients with EID.

Second intravenous immunoglobulin dose in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome with poor prognosis (SID-GBS): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with one standard dose (2 g/kg) of intravenous immunoglobulin is insufficient in a proportion of patients with severe Guillain-Barré syndrome. Worldwide, around 25% of patients severely affected with the syndrome are given a second intravenous immunoglobulin dose (SID), although it has not been proven effective. We aimed to investigate whether a SID is effective in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome with a predicted poor outcome. METHODS: In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (SID-GBS), we included patients (≥12 years) with Guillain-Barré syndrome admitted to one of 59 participating hospitals in the Netherlands. Patients were included on the first day of standard intravenous immunoglobulin treatment (2 g/kg over 5 days). Only patients with a poor prognosis (score of ≥6) according to the modified Erasmus Guillain-Barré syndrome Outcome Score were randomly assigned, via block randomisation stratified by centre, to SID (2 g/kg over 5 days) or to placebo, 7-9 days after inclusion. Patients, outcome adjudicators, monitors, and the steering committee were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome measure was the Guillain-Barré syndrome disability score 4 weeks after inclusion. All patients in whom allocated trial medication was started were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. This study is registered with the Netherlands Trial Register, NTR 2224/NL2107. FINDINGS: Between Feb 16, 2010, and June 5, 2018, 327 of 339 patients assessed for eligibility were included. 112 had a poor prognosis. Of those, 93 patients with a poor prognosis were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis: 49 (53%) received SID and 44 (47%) received placebo. The adjusted common odds ratio for improvement on the Guillain-Barré syndrome disability score at 4 weeks was 1·4 (95% CI 0·6-3·3; p=0·45). Patients given SID had more serious adverse events (35% vs 16% in the first 30 days), including thromboembolic events, than those in the placebo group. Four patients died in the intervention group (13-24 weeks after randomisation). INTERPRETATION: Our study does not provide evidence that patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome with a poor prognosis benefit from a second intravenous immunoglobulin course; moreover, it entails a risk of serious adverse events. Therefore, a second intravenous immunoglobulin course should not be considered for treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome because of a poor prognosis. The results indicate the need for treatment trials with other immune modulators in patients severely affected by Guillain-Barré syndrome. FUNDING: Prinses Beatrix Spierfonds and Sanquin Plasma Products.

Personalized extended interval dosing of natalizumab in MS: A prospective multicenter trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether natalizumab efficacy is maintained when switching to personalized extended interval dosing based on individual natalizumab trough concentrations in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). METHODS: This was a prospective multicenter single-arm trial with 1 year follow-up and a 1-year extension phase. Participants were adult persons with RRMS treated with natalizumab without disease activity in the year prior to enrollment. The natalizumab treatment interval was based on longitudinal natalizumab trough concentrations. Patients received 3 monthly MRI scans, relapse assessments, and disability scoring during follow-up. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of gadolinium-enhancing lesions on MRI. Secondary endpoints were new/enlarging T2 lesions on MRI and relapses and progression on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) during follow-up and extension phase. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients were included. Eighty-four percent extended the interval from a 4-week interval to a 5- to 7-week interval. No patient developed gadolinium-enhancing lesions (95% confidence interval [CI] 0%-7.4%) during follow-up. No new/enlarging T2 lesions (95% CI 0%-7.4%) or relapses (95% CI 0%-7.4%) were reported during follow-up and in the extension phase. Median EDSS was comparable at baseline (3.0, interquartile range [IQR] 2.0-5.0) and after follow-up (3.0, IQR 2.0-5.0). CONCLUSION: Personalized extended interval dosing did not induce recurrence of MS disease activity. Natalizumab efficacy was maintained in stable patients with RRMS receiving personalized extended interval dosing based on individual natalizumab concentrations. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that personalized extended interval dosing of natalizumab does not result in recurrence of disease activity in stable patients with RRMS.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Neurological Disorders.

Background: Several studies suggested an important role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, implying that alteration of the gut microbiota might serve as a treatment strategy. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is currently the most effective gut microbiota intervention and an accepted treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections. To evaluate indications of FMT for patients with neurological disorders, we summarized the available literature on FMT. In addition, we provide suggestions for future directions. Methods: In July 2019, five main databases were searched for studies and case descriptions on FMT in neurological disorders in humans or animal models. In addition, the ClinicalTrials.gov website was consulted for registered planned and ongoing trials. Results: Of 541 identified studies, 34 were included in the analysis. Clinical trials with FMT have been performed in patients with autism spectrum disorder and showed beneficial effects on neurological symptoms. For multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, several animal studies suggested a positive effect of FMT, supported by some human case reports. For epilepsy, Tourette syndrome, and diabetic neuropathy some studies suggested a beneficial effect of FMT, but evidence was restricted to case reports and limited numbers of animal studies. For stroke, Alzheimer's disease and Guillain-Barré syndrome only studies with animal models were identified. These studies suggested a potential beneficial effect of healthy donor FMT. In contrast, one study with an animal model for stroke showed increased mortality after FMT. For Guillain-Barré only one study was identified. Whether positive findings from animal studies can be confirmed in the treatment of human diseases awaits to be seen. Several trials with FMT as treatment for the above mentioned neurological disorders are planned or ongoing, as well as for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Conclusions: Preliminary literature suggests that FMT may be a promising treatment option for several neurological disorders. However, available evidence is still scanty and some contrasting results were observed. A limited number of studies in humans have been performed or are ongoing, while for some disorders only animal experiments have been conducted. Large double-blinded randomized controlled trials are needed to further elucidate the effect of FMT in neurological disorders.

Brain miliary enhancement.

PURPOSE: Miliary enhancement refers to the presence of multiple small, monomorphic, enhancing foci on T1-weighted post-contrast MRI images. In the absence of a clear clinical presentation, a broad differential diagnosis may result in invasive procedures and possibly brain biopsy for diagnostic purposes. METHODS: An extensive review of the literature is provided for diseases that may present with miliary enhancement on T1-weighted brain MR images. Additional disease-specific findings, both clinical and radiological, are summarized and categorized by the presence or absence of perivascular space involvement. RESULTS: Miliary pattern of enhancement may be due to a variety of underlying causes, including inflammatory, infectious, nutritional or neoplastic processes. The recognition of disease spread along the perivascular spaces in addition to the detection or exclusion of disease-specific features on MRI images, such as leptomeningeal enhancement, presence of haemorrhagic lesions, spinal cord involvement and specific localisation or systemic involvement, allows to narrow the potential differential diagnoses. CONCLUSION: A systematic approach to disease-specific findings from both clinical and radiological perspectives might facilitate diagnostic work-up, and recognition of disease spread along the perivascular spaces may help narrowing down differential diagnoses and may help to minimize the use of invasive diagnostic procedures.

Patients' expectations of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a treatment for MS.

BACKGROUND: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) receives increasing attention as a treatment option for MS. However, as there are no randomized controlled trials comparing aHSCT to best medical treatment as yet, aHSCT is not generally advised and implemented as a treatment option for MS. Neurologists are increasingly faced with patients asking questions regarding aHSCT and seeking commercially offered aHSCT abroad. The aim of this study is to evaluate MS patients' knowledge and expectations of aHSCT and their actual and desired sources of information. METHODS: 137 MS patients visiting the Amsterdam University Medical Center MS clinic, completed a self-developed questionnaire with items on disease history, knowledge about aHSCT, expectations of aHSCT, information sources and the role they assign to their neurologists. RESULTS: Fifty-four percent is considering aHSCT either now or in the future, especially those who are dissatisfied with current treatment, have a shorter disease duration (≤ 10 years) or are more disabled (EDSS > 3.5). Only 25% report to have sufficient knowledge about aHSCT. Patients mainly use potentially unreliable information sources such as the internet and television, although they prefer information from their neurologist. Half of the patients think aHSCT to be superior to highly effective DMT. Expectations of efficacy in patients interested in aHSCT are significantly higher than in patients not wanting to undergo aHSCT. Only about one third of patients are able to mention at least one side effect. CONCLUSION: Many MS patients are considering aHSCT as a treatment option, although they think that they are not well-informed regarding aHSCT. They prefer their neurologist as a source of information. Therefore, neurologists should pro-actively inform their patients about the potential benefits and risks of aHSCT to enable them to choose the best treatment option.

CLIPPERS and its mimics: evaluation of new criteria for the diagnosis of CLIPPERS.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of the recently proposed diagnostic criteria for chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS). METHODS: We enrolled 42 patients with hindbrain punctate and/or linear enhancements (<3 mm in diameter) and tested the CLIPPERS criteria. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 50 months (IQR 25-82), 13 out of 42 patients were CLIPPERS-mimics: systemic and central nervous system lymphomas (n=7), primary central nervous system angiitis (n=4) and autoimmune gliopathies (n=2). The sensitivity and specificity of the CLIPPERS criteria were 93% and 69%, respectively. Nodular enhancement ( ≥ 3 mm in diameter), considered as a red flag in CLIPPERS criteria, was present in 4 out of 13 CLIPPERS-mimics but also in 2 out of 29 patients with CLIPPERS, explaining the lack of sensitivity. Four out of 13 CLIPPERS-mimics who initially met the CLIPPERS criteria displayed red flags at the second attack with a median time of 5.5 months (min 3, max 18), explaining the lack of specificity. One of these four patients had antimyelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies, and the three remaining patients relapsed despite a daily dose of prednisone/prednisolone ≥ 30 mg and a biopsy targeting atypical enhancing lesions revealed a lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights that (1) nodular enhancement should be considered more as an unusual finding than a red flag excluding the diagnosis of CLIPPERS; (2) red flags may occur up to 18 months after disease onset; (3) as opposed to CLIPPERS-mimics, no relapse occurs when the daily dose of prednisone/prednisolone is ≥ 30 mg; and (4) brain biopsy should target an atypical enhancing lesion when non-invasive investigations remain inconclusive.

[Paroxysmal hypothermia in multiple sclerosis]. / Paroxysmale hypothermie bij multiple sclerose.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) can be accompanied by paroxysmal symptoms. These are diverse in nature and often not well known. CASE DESCRIPTION: In the emergency department, we repeatedly saw a 49-year-old man with secondary progressive MS with recurrent episodes of hypothermia, loss of consciousness, thrombocytopenia and worsening of pre-existing neurological deficits. In some of these episodes we identified an underlying urinary tract infection, which we treated. After normalization of the body temperature, we observed complete recovery of the clinical signs and platelet count. CONCLUSION: Paroxysmal hypothermia can be a symptom of MS and is accompanied by a change in level of consciousness, increase of neurological deficits and haematological disturbances. Usually, there is full recovery after normalization of the body temperature and treatment of any underlying infections. Early recognition of these recurrent symptoms is important to prevent unnecessary diagnostics and overtreatment.

Disease activity following pregnancy-related discontinuation of natalizumab in MS.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate disease activity and disability progression following pregnancy-related discontinuation of natalizumab (NTZ) in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of clinical and radiologic data in patients who discontinued NTZ for pregnancy-related reasons. RESULTS: Twenty-two pregnancy-related NTZ discontinuations in 17 patients were evaluated. The median time to conception was 3.4 months. Relapses were more frequent in patients in whom conception did not occur within 6 months (p = 0.022). Confirmed disability progression occurred in 27.3% and was associated with time to conception (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Early conception after NTZ discontinuation is associated with a reduced risk of disease activity and disability progression. Continuation of NTZ treatment until confirmed pregnancy should be considered in patients with previously active MS. However, the advantages of continuing the drug until pregnancy should be balanced against the uncertainties in postnatal outcomes.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder mimicking multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: MS is a demyelinating CNS disease and has distinct clinical and radiological features. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an antibody related auto-immune disease known for invalidating episodes of myelitis and optic neuritis. OBJECTIVE: Reporting the case of a 29-year old woman with a disease course typical for relapsing remitting MS with consistent radiological and spinal fluid findings, who developed longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) with positive aquaporin 4 antibodies, fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for NMOSD. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: LETM is not consistent with MS. Consider NMOSD even in patients with typical MS and check for aquaporin-4 antibodies, with important treatment consequences.

Time is vision in recurrent optic neuritis.

In optic neuritis (ON) inflammation precedes onset of demyelination and axonal loss. The anti-inflammatory properties of corticosteroids may be most effective in the early inflammatory phase, but rapid patient recruitment remains a logistic challenge. The aim of the study was to review the effect of time to initiation of treatment on visual outcome in recurrent ON. A retrospective case note review of patients known to our centre with recurrent ON. The primary clinical outcome was change of best corrected high contrast visual acuity (BCVA). The secondary outcome was the change of optical coherence tomography (OCT) thickness of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) and macular ganglion cell layer (mGCL) from baseline and after a minimum of 3months following the episode of recurrent ON. Of 269 patients with a previous episode of ON, 54 experienced recurrent ON. In total 40 OCT documented episodes of relapsing ON were captured in 19 patients. Treatment within <2days led to better recovery of the BCVA (+0.02) and mGCL (-2.4µm) if compared to delayed treatment (BCVA -0.2, p=0.036, mGCL -25.6µm, p=0.019) or no corticosteroids treatment (BCVA -0.2, p=0.045, GCL -5.0µm, p=0.836). These data suggest a beneficial effect of hyperacute corticosteroid treatment. A pragmatic approach for a prospective treatment trial should consider patients with recurrent ON for logistic reasons.