ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The incidence of breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) varies between 7-35% depending on the combination of treatment modalities. Early detection of BCRL is crucial in order to start an effective non-operative treatment program. Because of the lack of prospective research on this topic, this study was undertaken to prospectively determine the effect of Lympho Venous Anastomosis (LVA) on BCRL and to review the current literature. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Ten patients who were previously treated for breast cancer by surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, and were unresponsive to 12-weeks of non-operative treatment, underwent an LVA procedure (Degni-Cordeiro). Objective measurements were gathered for circumferential measurement and water volumetry, and quality of life. Various types of lymphoscintigraphy were carried out pre-operatively and post-operatively at 3 and 12 months. Treatment was embedded in a multidisciplinary setting. RESULTS: Post-operative volume measurements initially showed a 4.8% reduction of lymphedema at 3 months and a 2% reduction after one year. Various scintigraphic parameters showed some improvement. Quality of life questionnaires reported minimal improvement. Reviewing the literature, only retrospective studies were found; these reported varying results for LVA procedures. The selection of patients, classification of lymphedema, indications and types of LVA, and additional therapeutic options were heterogeneous, not comparable, and lacked a validated method of effect-assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed a minimal reduction in volume of lymphedema following LVA; in the literature, there was no convincing evidence of the success of LVA. Non-operative treatment and elastic stockings are still preferred by most patients with lymphedema, especially in early stages with few irreversible changes.
Subject(s)
Lymph Node Excision/adverse effects , Lymphatic Vessels/surgery , Lymphedema/surgery , Veins/surgery , Adult , Aged , Anastomosis, Surgical , Bandages , Breast Neoplasms/complications , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Breast Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Combined Modality Therapy , Evidence-Based Medicine , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Lymphedema/diagnostic imaging , Lymphedema/etiology , Lymphedema/psychology , Lymphedema/therapy , Massage , Mastectomy , Middle Aged , Physical Therapy Modalities , Prospective Studies , Quality of Life , Radionuclide Imaging , Recurrence , Stockings, Compression , Treatment FailureABSTRACT
In acromegaly, the overproduction of growth hormone is usually caused by a pituitary adenoma. We report a 74-year-old woman with acromegaly caused by ectopic overproduction of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), a rare diagnosis. The GHRH appeared to be produced by a carcinoid tumour of the lung. Treatment with monthly long-acting octreotide resulted in a reduction in the symptoms and normalisation of the insulin-like growth factor-I, which has been maintained for more than two years now. A review of literature concerning causes and treatment of ectopic GHRH-producing tumours is presented.
Subject(s)
Acromegaly/etiology , Carcinoid Tumor/metabolism , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/adverse effects , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Acromegaly/drug therapy , Acromegaly/physiopathology , Aged , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/administration & dosage , Carcinoid Tumor/complications , Female , Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone/biosynthesis , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/complications , Octreotide/administration & dosage , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
A patient with an untreated carcinoma of the prostate was admitted with dehydration, stupor and a surprisingly deep hypocalcaemia. The severe hypocalcaemia was largely attributed to extensive osteoblastic activity due to widespread skeletal metastases although contributing factors to the severity of the hypocalcaemia were a relative vitamin D deficiency, hypomagnesaemia and renal impairment, preventing the mounting of an adequate homeostatic response. There was significant clinical and biochemical improvement after antitumour treatment using androgen deprivation, and supplementation with calcium and vitamin D.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/complications , Adenocarcinoma/secondary , Bone Neoplasms/complications , Bone Neoplasms/secondary , Hypocalcemia/etiology , Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology , Aged , Humans , Male , Osteoblasts/pathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Orthotopic liver transplantation has been shown to improve survival in fulminant hepatic failure. However, after orthotopic liver transplantation life-long immunosuppression is necessary and graft complications may occur. METHODS: We employed heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation in a 26-year-old man with fulminant hepatic failure due to hepatitis B virus infection. RESULTS: From a comatose state with seizures and decerebrate posturing, the patient woke up the day after heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation. The graft functioned sufficiently. After 2 weeks, when peritonitis developed, immunosuppression was stopped since the native liver was recovering as shown by serial HIDA scans, liver biopsies, clotting parameters and serum bilirubin. When severe rejection of the graft developed 2 weeks later, and the peritonitis had been treated successfully, the native liver had recovered sufficiently to allow the graft to be removed. Now, more than 1 year after heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation, the patient is free from medication and he is immune for hepatitis B virus, his liver tests have returned to normal and he has regained his normal life. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis B is feasible.
