ABSTRACT
There is ample evidence that organic field-effect transistors have reached a stage where they can be industrialized, analogous to standard metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors. Monocrystalline silicon technology is largely based on complementary MOS (CMOS) structures that use both n-type and p-type transistor channels. This complementary technology has enabled the construction of digital circuits, which operate with a high robustness, low power dissipation and a good noise margin. For the design of efficient organic integrated circuits, there is an urgent need for complementary technology, where both n-type and p-type transistor operation is realized in a single layer, while maintaining the attractiveness of easy solution processing. We demonstrate, by using solution-processed field-effect transistors, that hole transport and electron transport are both generic properties of organic semiconductors. This ambipolar transport is observed in polymers based on interpenetrating networks as well as in narrow bandgap organic semiconductors. We combine the organic ambipolar transistors into functional CMOS-like inverters.
ABSTRACT
Violence in family relationships has a long history. In what form and how often it occurs may vary with the social environment. Public interest in these matters is still growing. When medical professionals are confronted with child abuse, they have to treat such knowledge confidentially. In this respect, medical secrecy is a major handicap to recording the number of cases of child abuse and to organizing efficient assistance. The Netherlands has tackled the dilemma by instituting the so-called Confidential Medical Centres dedicated to helping abused children. In this way, cases of child abuse can be pinpointed more efficiently and treated with more care, and the child's interests are allowed to prevail above medical secrecy.
