ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether polypharmacy regimens can be safely and effectively reduced for youth placed in a residential treatment center, and to assess the cost savings achieved from medication reductions. METHODS: Data were collected for 131 youth ages 11-18, who were admitted to and discharged from a residential treatment center between 2007 and 2011. Six month postdischarge data were available for 51 youth. Data include demographics, admission and discharge medications, place of discharge, and postdischarge stability level. RESULTS: Upon admission, 30 youth were not on medication, at discharge 48 were not; a 60% increase. Mean number of admission medications was 2.16 (SD=0.97) versus 1.55 (SD=0.70) upon discharge. Upon admission, one youth was on five and nine were on four medications. At end-point, only one youth was on four medications. The number of youth needing two or more medications declined by 55%, and the number of those needing three or more declined by 69%. The largest reduction was seen in the number of antipsychotics and antidepressants. Mood stabilizer and antipsychotic combinations declined by 65%. Youth with medication reduction were more likely to be discharged to a less restrictive setting than were youth without medication reduction (72.6% vs. 53.8%), p=0.03. At 6 months postdischarge, of the 51 out of 131 youth with available follow-up data, 71% were doing well. Cost analysis based on discontinued medication by class showed monthly savings of $21,365, or $256,368 yearly. The largest contributor was the reduction in the use of antipsychotics, accounting for $205,332 of the total savings. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that comprehensive treatment can lead to significant reductions in polypharmacy, and positive short- and longer-term treatment outcomes. Judicial prescribing also resulted in significant cost reduction in an already costly healthcare system.
Subject(s)
Mental Disorders/drug therapy , Polypharmacy , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Residential Treatment/methods , Adolescent , Child , Cost Savings , Costs and Cost Analysis , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/economics , Patient Admission , Patient Discharge , Psychotropic Drugs/administration & dosage , Psychotropic Drugs/economics , Residential Treatment/economics , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Alkaloids/toxicity , Catha , Central Nervous System Stimulants/toxicity , Psychoses, Substance-Induced/etiology , Serotonin Syndrome/etiology , Serotonin/toxicity , Administration, Inhalation , Adult , Central Nervous System Stimulants/administration & dosage , Diagnosis, Differential , Emergency Service, Hospital , Female , Humans , Mental Status Schedule , Methamphetamine/analogs & derivatives , Methamphetamine/toxicity , Psychoses, Substance-Induced/diagnosis , Psychoses, Substance-Induced/psychology , Psychoses, Substance-Induced/therapy , Pyrrolidines/toxicity , Serotonin Syndrome/diagnosis , Serotonin Syndrome/psychology , Serotonin Syndrome/therapySubject(s)
Anticonvulsants/adverse effects , Antipsychotic Agents/adverse effects , Diphenhydramine/adverse effects , Haloperidol/adverse effects , Hypnotics and Sedatives/adverse effects , Pleural Effusion/chemically induced , Pulmonary Eosinophilia/chemically induced , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Schizophrenic Psychology , Valproic Acid/adverse effects , Adult , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use , Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Diagnosis, Differential , Diphenhydramine/therapeutic use , Drug Interactions , Drug Therapy, Combination , Haloperidol/therapeutic use , Humans , Hypnotics and Sedatives/therapeutic use , Male , Pleural Effusion/diagnosis , Pulmonary Eosinophilia/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Valproic Acid/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus (DM) presents itself in two forms: insulin-dependent (type 1 DM) and non-insulin-dependent (type 2 DM). Although type 2 DM usually has an adult onset, in recent years there has been a significant rise in the number of children diagnosed with type 2 DM in the United States. Reasons for this increased frequency are believed to be a larger percentage of children who are overweight, a family history of diabetes, and a considerable increase in the use of psychotropic medication in children. The diagnosis of DM is a significant stressor not only for patients but also for their environment. Children with DM are sometimes stigmatized by their peers and relatives who do not understand the illness or are frightened by it. Some children also may need to alter several of their customary routines and are often scared to participate in activities in which they were previously engaged. The family's response to the diagnosis of DM may have a negative effect on glycemic control. Differences have been found in the way patients with type 1 DM and type 2 DM cope with and adapt to their diagnosis.
