[Bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder: practical recommendations for treatment, based on a literature review]. / Bipolaire stoornissen en alcoholafhankelijkheid; praktische aanbevelingen voor behandeling op basis van een systematische literatuurstudie.

BACKGROUND: A fairly large proportion (25-50%) of patients with bipolar disorder (bd) also suffer from comorbid alcohol use disorder (aud). However, little is known how this type of morbidity should be treated. It is also unclear whether the current guidelines on bd have been influenced by aud.
AIM: To provide an overview of recent literature concerning the diagnosis and treatment of comorbid bd and aud.
METHOD: We systematically reviewed studies that have addressed three treatment options for this group of patients: pharmaco-therapy, psychological interventions and self-management techniques.
RESULTS: If health professionals decide to treat bd using a pharmaco-therapeutic intervention, they must proceed with caution because the patient may also be suffering from aud. From the very limited number of published articles on this subject, we conclude that the best solution to the problem is to add valproate to the lithium-based treatment. There is also limited evidence that other effective treatments may include the use of integrated psychological interventions, cognitive behavioural therapy and self-management techniques, but these possibilities need further investigation.
CONCLUSION: Treatment of patients suffering from both bd and aud should always focus on both disorders, either simultaneously or separately. If this approach is successful it is vitally important that care is better organised and that there is cooperation between institutions involved in treating addiction disorders and departments that specialise in the care of bd. These improvements are likely to lead to further developments and to more research into new forms of integrated treatment.

The effect of moderate and excessive alcohol use on the course and outcome of patients with bipolar disorders: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: Comorbid alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are frequently associated with negative effects on course and outcome of bipolar disorder. This prospective cohort study assessed the effect of actual alcohol use (no, moderate, and excessive) on the course and outcome of patients with bipolar disorders. METHOD: Between June 2003 and November 2005, 137 outpatients (aged 23-68 years) with DSM-IV-diagnosed bipolar I (66%) or II (34%) disorder rated their mood and the number of alcohol units consumed daily for a period up to 52 weeks with the National Institute of Mental Health Self-Rating Prospective Life-Chart Method (LCM). At baseline, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV was administrated, and demographic, social, and clinical characteristics were obtained. At monthly visits, the Clinical Global Impressions Scale-Bipolar Version (CGI-BP), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale, and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (MOS-SF-36) were rated. Based on the alcohol use in the first 4 weeks of follow-up, patients were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: no/incidental, moderate, or excessive alcohol use. RESULTS: None of the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics at baseline were significantly different between the 3 drinking groups, with the exception of-and as a consequence of the group assignment-the prevalence of lifetime and current diagnosis of AUD. Also, no differences between the 3 drinking groups were found on any of the clinical outcome variables, ie, number of days ill (depressed, hypomanic/manic, and total); severity of depression, mania, and overall bipolar illness (LCM); GAF score; CGI-BP (depression, mania, and overall); and all the subscales of the MOS-SF-36. Also, the number of episodes according to DSM-IV and the Leapfrog method showed no significant differences between the drinking groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of patients and with the sensitive measurement of mood and drinking status over a full year, we could not confirm the findings of other studies indicating a negative effect of excessive alcohol use on the course of bipolar illness. This study found that neither moderate nor excessive use of alcohol has a negative effect on the course and outcome of bipolar illness. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.

[Psychotherapeutic treatment options for bipolar disorders. A review of randomized controlled studies]. / Psychotherapeutische behandelmogelijkheden voor bipolaire stoornissen. Een overzicht van gerandomiseerde en gecontroleerde onderzoeken.

BACKGROUND: Until recently research into the efficacy of treatment of bipolar disorders focused mainly on the pharmacological treatment. Over the last few years more and more research has concentrated on the psychological treatments for bipolar disorders. aim To review published, controlled and randomised studies dealing with the efficacy of forms of psychotherapeutic treatment for bipolar disorders. METHOD: By searching Medline and Embase using the search terms, 'psychotherapy', 'cognitive (behavioural) therapy', 'family therapy' and 'psychoeducation' we found eight relevant reports of randomised, controlled trials, which described the interventions that were undertaken and recorded the relapse rates. RESULTS: The following forms of treatment were investigated: Relapse-Prevention Plan, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy, Family-Focused Treatment and Group Psychoeducation. These forms of treatment were used in addition to standard pharmacological treatment. The addition of psychotherapeutic treatment was found to reduce lower the relapse rate, to lead to less hospitalisation and to improve functioning. CONCLUSION: The authors recommend that patients with bipolar disorders be offered psychotherapeutic treatment because it is likely to lower the risk of relapse.