Exploring changes in dietary intake, physical activity and body weight during chemotherapy in women with breast cancer: A Mixed-Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed (i) to assess changes in dietary intake (DI), physical activity (PA) and body weight (BW) in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy; (ii) to describe how women explained, experienced and dealt with these potential changes; and (iii) to eventually develop lifestyle intervention strategies tailored to the women's personal needs during chemotherapy. METHODS: A longitudinal parallel mixed-method design was used with quantitative assessment of changes in dietary intake (24-h recall, Appetite, Hunger, Sensory Perception questionnaire), physical activity (Short Questionnaire to Assess Health-enhancing physical activity, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory) and BW (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), in addition to qualitative interviews with 25 women about these potential changes during chemotherapy. RESULTS: Most women who perceived eating less healthily with low energy intake (EI) and being less active before diagnosis continued to do so during chemotherapy, according to quantitative measurements. They struggled to maintain sufficient energy intake. Despite a lower than average reported EI, they unexpectedly gained weight and explained that fatigue made them even more inactive during chemotherapy. Active women usually managed to stay active because exercise was very important to them and made them feel good, although they also suffered from the side-effects of chemotherapy. They found more ways to deal with taste, smell and appetite problems than women with a lower energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of the quantitative and qualitative data provided more insight into the changes in dietary intake, physical activity and BW during chemotherapy. The women's explanations showed why some women remain active and others need support to deal with changes in lifestyle factors such as healthy nutrition and fatigue.

Changes in Circulating Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy.

Cancer treatments, toxicities and their effects on lifestyle, may impact levels of vitamin D. The aim of this study was to determine serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) levels before, directly after and 6 months after chemotherapy in breast cancer patients (n = 95), and a comparison group of women (n = 52) not diagnosed with cancer. Changes in 25(OH)D3 levels over time were compared using linear mixed models adjusted for age and season of blood sampling. Before start of chemotherapy, 25(OH)D3 levels were lower in patients (estimated marginal mean 55.8 nmol/L, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 51.2-60.4) compared to the comparison group (67.2 nmol/L, 95%CI 61.1-73.3, P = 0.003). Directly after chemotherapy, 25(OH)D3 levels were slightly decreased (-5.1 nmol/L, 95%CI -10.7-0.5, P = 0.082), but ended up higher 6 months after chemotherapy (10.9 nmol/L, 95%CI 5.5-16.4, P < 0.001) compared to pre-chemotherapy values. In women without cancer, 25(OH)D3 levels remained stable throughout the study. Use of dietary supplements did not explain recovery of 25(OH)D3 levels after chemotherapy. We reported lower 25(OH)D3 levels in breast cancer patients, which decreased during chemotherapy, but recovered to levels observed in women without cancer within 6 months after chemotherapy. Suboptimal 25(OH)D3 levels in the majority of the participants highlight the relevance of monitoring in this vulnerable population.

Body composition is associated with risk of toxicity-induced modifications of treatment in women with stage I-IIIB breast cancer receiving chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Initial dose of chemotherapy is planned based on body surface area, which does not take body composition into account. We studied the association between fat mass (kg and relative to total body weight) as well as lean mass (kg and relative to total body weight) and toxicity-induced modifications of treatment in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: In an observational study among 172 breast cancer patients (stage I-IIIB) in the Netherlands, we assessed body composition using dual-energy X-ray scans. Information on toxicity-induced modifications of treatment, defined as dose reductions, cycle delays, regimen switches, or premature termination of chemotherapy, was abstracted from medical records. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to assess associations between body composition and the risk of toxicity-induced modifications of treatment. RESULTS: In total, 95 out of 172 (55%) patients experienced toxicity-induced modifications of treatment. Higher absolute and relative fat mass were associated with higher risk of these modifications (HR 1.14 per 5 kg; 95% CI 1.04-1.25 and HR 1.21 per 5%; 95% CI 1.05-1.38, respectively). A higher relative lean mass was associated with a lower risk of modifications (HR 0.83 per 5%; 95% CI 0.72-0.96). There was no association between absolute lean mass and risk of toxicity-induced modifications of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A higher absolute and a higher relative fat mass was associated with an increased risk of toxicity-induced modifications of treatment. Absolute lean mass was not associated with risk of these treatment modifications, while higher relative lean mass associated with lower risk of modifications. These data suggest that total fat mass importantly determines the risk of toxicities during chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.