NKp44/HLA-DP-dependent regulation of CD8 effector T cells by NK cells.

Although natural killer (NK) cells are recognized for their modulation of immune responses, the mechanisms by which human NK cells mediate immune regulation are unclear. Here, we report that expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DP, a ligand for the activating NK cell receptor NKp44, is significantly upregulated on CD8+ effector T cells, in particular in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)+ individuals. HLA-DP+ CD8+ T cells expressing NKp44-binding HLA-DP antigens activate NKp44+ NK cells, while HLA-DP+ CD8+ T cells not expressing NKp44-binding HLA-DP antigens do not. In line with this, frequencies of HLA-DP+ CD8+ T cells are increased in individuals not encoding for NKp44-binding HLA-DP haplotypes, and contain hyper-expanded CD8+ T cell clones, compared to individuals expressing NKp44-binding HLA-DP molecules. These findings identify a molecular interaction facilitating the HLA-DP haplotype-specific editing of HLA-DP+ CD8+ T cell effector populations by NKp44+ NK cells and preventing the generation of hyper-expanded T cell clones, which have been suggested to have increased potential for autoimmunity.

The effect of high-salt diet on t-lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy males-A pilot study.

Animal studies show that high-salt diet affects T-cell subpopulations, but evidence in humans is scarce and contradictory. This pilot study investigated the effect of a 2-week high-salt diet on T-cell subpopulations (ie, γδ T cells, Th17 cells, and regulatory T cells) in five healthy males. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 33 (2) years, with normal body mass index, kidney function, and baseline blood pressure. In terms of phenotype, there was an isolated increase of CD69 expression in Vδ1 T cells (P = .04), which is an early activation marker. There were no statistically significant changes or trends in any of the other tested markers or in the Th17 or regulatory T-cell subsets. The increase in CD69 was strongly correlated to increases in 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (r = .93, P = .02). These results of this pilot may motivate the use of longer dietary salt interventions in future studies on salt and adaptive immune cells.

Tissue-resident mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in the human kidney represent a functionally distinct subset.

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T-cells that recognize bacterial riboflavin metabolites. They are present in human blood but are abundant at barrier sites, including the liver, lungs, and kidneys, where they possess a CD69+ /CD103+/- tissue-resident phenotype. In renal tissue, MAIT cells likely defend against the ascending uropathogens responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are common, especially among renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Nevertheless, the functional role for MAIT cells in renal tissue and the influence of renal transplantation on MAIT cells remains unclear. Using multiparameter flow cytometry and the MR1-tetramer, we characterized MAIT cell phenotype and function in healthy renal tissue (n = 6), renal transplants explanted after allograft failure (n = 14) and in blood from healthy controls (n = 20) and RTRs before and 1-year after transplantation (n = 21). MAIT cells in renal tissue constitute a distinct CD69+ CD103+/- population that displays typical phenotypic features of tissue-resident T-cells and is skewed toward IL-2, GM-CSF, and IL-17A production upon stimulation. The circulating MAIT cell population was not decreased in number in RTRs pre- or post-transplantation. Tissue-resident MAIT cells in the kidney represent a functionally distinct population. This shows how MAIT cells in the kidney may be involved in the protection against microorganisms.

Circulating mucosal-associated invariant T cells in subjects with recurrent urinary tract infections are functionally impaired.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection recurrence is common, particularly in women and immunocompromised patients, such as renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play a role in the antibacterial response by recognizing bacterial riboflavin metabolites produced by bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Here, we investigated whether MAIT cells are involved in the pathogenesis of recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs). METHODS: Using multichannel flow cytometry, we characterized the MAIT cell phenotype and function in blood from immunocompetent adults with (n = 13) and without RUTIs (n = 10) and in RTRs with (n = 9) and without RUTIs (n = 10). RESULTS: There were no differences in the numbers of MAIT cells between the study groups. MAIT cells in patients with RUTI expressed T-bet more often than those in controls. MAIT cells from immunocompetent RUTI participants required more antigen-presenting cells coincubated with E. coli to evoke a similar cytokine and degranulation response than those from controls. This effect was absent in the RTR with RUTI vs RTR control groups, where the overall percentage of MAIT cells that responded to stimulation was already reduced. CONCLUSION: Circulating MAIT cells in immunocompetent individuals with RUTIs respond to bacterial stimuli with reduced efficacy, which suggests that they are involved in the pathogenesis of RUTIs.