Lymphoceles after pelvic lymph node dissection during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

Background: Lymphoceles, lymph fluid-filled collections within the body lacking epithelial lining, are a common complication after pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). In this study, we investigate the incidence of imaging confirmed symptomatic lymphoceles (SLC) in a centralized high-volume operating centre and assess predictive factors and treatment. Methods: We retrospectively analysed the incidence, risk factors and treatment of a consecutive series of patients who underwent PLND during RARP between September 2018 and January 2021 in a specialised operation clinic. We compared baseline patients' characteristics and pathological data between men who developed an SLC and those who did not. A multivariable model for the occurrence of an SLC was created using predetermined, clinically relevant variables to investigate predictive factors. Results: We analysed the records of 404 patients. The median follow-up length was 29 months. A total of 30 (7.4%) patients with an SLC were identified. The median time until SLC presentation was 12 weeks [interquartile range (IQR), 4-31 weeks], one-third of SLCs presented after 180 days. Percutaneous drainage was performed in 17 patients (57%). On multivariable analysis, only body mass index (BMI) significantly increased the odds of an SLC [per 5 odds ratio (OR) =1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0-3.0, P=0.04]. Conclusions: SLCs present significant consequences, as more than half of patients with an SLC were treated with percutaneous drainage. Many patients presented later than the centralized surgeons' postoperative follow-up, a drawback of centralized care. An increased BMI was a significant predictor for SLC.

Biopsy prostate cancer perineural invasion and tumour load are associated with positive posterolateral margins at radical prostatectomy: implications for planning of nerve-sparing surgery.

AIMS: Radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer is frequently complicated by erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence. However, sparing of the nerve bundles adjacent to the posterolateral sides of the prostate reduces the number of complications at the risk of positive surgical margins. Preoperative selection of men eligible for safe, nerve-sparing surgery is therefore needed. Our aim was to identify pathological factors associated with positive posterolateral surgical margins in men undergoing bilateral nerve-sparing RP. METHODS AND RESULTS: Prostate cancer patients undergoing RP with standardised intra-operative surgical margin assessment according to the NeuroSAFE technique were included. Preoperative biopsies were reviewed for grade group (GG), cribriform and/or intraductal carcinoma (CR/IDC), perineural invasion (PNI), cumulative tumour length and extraprostatic extension (EPE). Of 624 included patients, 573 (91.8%) received NeuroSAFE bilaterally and 51 (8.2%) unilaterally, resulting in a total of 1197 intraoperative posterolateral surgical margin assessments. Side-specific biopsy findings were correlated to ipsilateral NeuroSAFE outcome. Higher biopsy GG, CR/IDC, PNI, EPE, number of positive biopsies and cumulative tumour length were all associated with positive posterolateral margins. In multivariable bivariate logistic regression, ipsilateral PNI [odds ratio (OR) = 2.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.62-5.48; P < 0.001] and percentage of positive cores (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.08-1.29; P < 0.001) were significant predictors for a positive posterolateral margin, while GG and CR/IDC were not. CONCLUSIONS: Ipsilateral PNI and percentage of positive cores were significant predictors for a positive posterolateral surgical margin at RP. Biopsy PNI and tumour volume can therefore support clinical decision-making on the level of nerve-sparing surgery in prostate cancer patients.

Urinary Incontinence and Sexual Function After the Introduction of NeuroSAFE in Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Nerve-sparing (NS) radical prostatectomy (RP) results in better functional outcomes. Intraoperative neurovascular structure-adjacent frozen section examination (NeuroSAFE) significantly increases the frequency of NS surgery. The effect of NeuroSAFE on postoperative erectile function (EF) and continence is not yet clear. OBJECTIVE: To describe EF and continence outcomes for men undergoing RP with the NeuroSAFE technique. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Between September 2018 and February 2021, 1034 men underwent robot-assisted RP. Data for patient-reported outcomes were collected via validated questionnaires. INTERVENTION: NeuroSAFE technique for RP. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Continence was assessed using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) or Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite short form (EPIC-26) and defined as use of 0-1 pads/d. EF was evaluated using EPIC-26 or the International Index of Erectile Function short form (IIEF-5), with data converted according to the Vertosick method and categorized. Descriptive statistics were used to asses and describe tumor characteristics and continence and EF outcomes. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Of the 1034 men who underwent RP after introduction of the NeuroSAFE technique, 63% and 60% completed a preoperative and at least one postoperative questionnaire on continence and EF, respectively. Of the men who underwent unilateral or bilateral NS surgery, use of 0-1 pads/d was reported by 93% after 1 yr and 96% after 2 yr; the corresponding rates for men who underwent non-NS surgery were 86% and 78%. Overall, use of 0-1 pads/d was reported by 92% of the men at 1 yr and by 94% at 2 yr after RP. Men in the NS group had a good or intermediate Vertosick score after RP more often than the non-NS group. Overall, 44% of the men had a good or intermediate Vertosick score at 1 and 2 yr after RP. CONCLUSIONS: After introduction of the NeuroSAFE technique, the continence rate was 92% at 1 yr and 94% at 2 yr after RP. The NS group had a greater percentage of men with an intermediate or good Vertosick score and a higher continence rate after RP in comparison to the non-NS group. PATIENT SUMMARY: Our study shows that after introduction of the NeuroSAFE technique during removal of the prostate, the continence rate among patients was 92% at 1 year and 94% at 2 years after surgery. Some 44% of the men had a good or intermediate score for erectile function 1 and 2 years after surgery.

Percentage Gleason pattern 4 and PI-RADS score predict upgrading in biopsy Grade Group 2 prostate cancer patients without cribriform pattern.

PURPOSE: To identify parameters to predict upgrading in biopsy Grade Group (GG) 2 prostate cancer patients without cribriform and intraductal carcinoma (CR/IDC) on biopsy. METHODS: Preoperative biopsies from 657 men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer were reviewed for GG, presence of CR/IDC, percentage Gleason pattern 4, and tumor length. In men with biopsy GG2 without CR/IDC (n = 196), clinicopathologic features were compared between those with GG1 or GG2 without CR/IDC on RP (GG ≤ 2-) and those with GG2 with CR/IDC or any GG > 2 (GG ≥ 2+). Logistic regression analysis was used to predict upgrading in the biopsy cohort. RESULTS: In total 283 men had biopsy GG2 of whom 87 (30.7%) had CR/IDC and 196 (69.3%) did not. CR/IDC status in matched biopsy and RP specimens was concordant in 179 (63.3%) and discordant in 79 (27.9%) cases (sensitivity 45.1%; specificity 92.6%). Of 196 biopsy GG2 men without CR/IDC, 106 (54.1%) had GG ≥ 2+ on RP. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age [odds ratio (OR): 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI)1.09-3.20; p = 0.025], percentage Gleason pattern 4 (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.17-2.07; p = 0.003), PI-RADS 5 lesion (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.03-4.70; p = 0.045) and clinical stage T3 (OR 3.60; 95% CI 1.08-14.50; p = 0.049) were independent parameters to predict upgrading to GG ≥ 2+ on RP in these men. CONCLUSIONS: Age, clinical stage T3, percentage Gleason pattern 4 and presence of PI-RADS 5 lesions are independent predictors for upgrading in men with biopsy GG2 without CR/IDC. These findings allow for improved clinical decision-making on surveillance eligibility in intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients.

NeuroSAFE in radical prostatectomy increases the rate of nerve-sparing surgery without affecting oncological outcome.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of intra-operative neurovascular structure-adjacent frozen-section examination (NeuroSAFE) on the rate of nerve-sparing surgery (NSS) and oncological outcome in a large radical prostatectomy (RP) cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2016 and December 2020, 1756 prostate cancer patients underwent robot-assisted RP, of whom 959 (55%) underwent this with NeuroSAFE and 797 (45%) without (control cohort). In cases where NeuroSAFE showed tumour in the margin, a secondary resection was performed. The effect of NeuroSAFE on NSS and positive surgical margin (PSM) status was analysed using logistic regression. Cox regression was used to identify predictors of biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Patients in the NeuroSAFE cohort had a higher tumour grade (P < 0.001) and clinical stage (P < 0.001) than those in the control cohort. NeuroSAFE enabled more frequent NSS for both pT2 (93% vs 76%; P < 0.001) and pT3 disease (83% vs 55%; P < 0.001). In adjusted analysis, NeuroSAFE resulted in more frequent unilateral (odds ratio [OR] 3.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.90-5.30; P < 0.001) and bilateral (OR 5.22, 95% CI 3.90-6.98; P < 0.001) NSS. While the PSM rate decreased from 51% to 42% in patients with pT3 stage disease (P = 0.031), NeuroSAFE was not an independent predictor of PSM status (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.68-1.06; P = 0.2) in the entire cohort. Patients who underwent NeuroSAFE had better BCRFS compared to the control cohort (hazard ratio 0.62, 95% CI 0.45-0.84; P = 0.002). This study is limited by its comparison with a historical cohort and lack of functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: NeuroSAFE enables more unilateral and bilateral NSS without negatively affecting surgical margin status and biochemical recurrence. This validation study provides a comprehensive overview of the implementation, evaluation and intra-operative decision making associated with NeuroSAFE in clinical practice.

The value of MRI in the detection of prostate cancer in a peripheral center.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the value of pre-biopsy MRI and target biopsy in detection of significant prostate cancer in a peripheral center. METHODS: A retrospective study included all patients of whom a MRI of the prostate was performed before biopsy, initial and repeated biopsy, between June 2016 and May 2017. Patients underwent transrectal ultrasound guided 8-12 cores prostate biopsy and cognitive fusion target biopsy was performed if a suspicious lesion was seen on MRI. The prostate cancer detection was compared between the MRI cognitive target biopsy and standard random biopsy. RESULTS: In a total of 265 patients a MRI was performed of whom 115 underwent prostate biopsy, 96 patients underwent MRI before initial biopsies and 19 patients had previous negative biopsies. In the initial biopsy group 83 MRI's were abnormal and only 7 (8.4%) target biopsies had an additional value in detecting or upstaging prostate cancer. Prostate cancer was found in 4 of 13 (30.8%) normal MRI's. In the prior negative biopsy group, 4 of 18 abnormal MRI's had an additional value in upstaging or detecting prostate cancer. CONCLUSION: In this study the pre-biopsy MRI had a limited additional value compared to standard biopsy in detecting or upstaging prostate cancer.

Inter-observer variability of cribriform architecture and percent Gleason pattern 4 in prostate cancer: relation to clinical outcome.

The Grade group is an important parameter for clinical decision-making in prostate cancer. Recently, percent Gleason pattern 4 and presence of invasive cribriform and/or intraductal carcinoma (CR/IDC) have been recognized for their independent predictive value for prostate cancer outcome. There is sparse data on the inter-observer agreement for these pathologic features in practice. Our objectives were to investigate inter-observer variability of percent Gleason pattern and CR/IDC and to relate individual tumour scores to clinical outcome. Our cohort included 80 consecutive radical prostatectomies with a median follow-up 87.1 months (interquartile range 43.3-119.2), of which the slide with largest tumour volume was scored by six pathologists for Grade group (four tiers: 1, 2, 3 and 4/5), percent Gleason pattern 4 (four tiers: 0-25%, 26-50%, 51-75% and 76-100%) and presence of CR/IDC (two tiers: absent, present). The individual assignments were related to post-operative biochemical recurrence (20/80). Inter-observer agreement was substantial (Krippendorff's α 0.626) for assessment of Grade group and moderate for CR/IDC (α 0.507) and percent Gleason pattern 4 (α 0.551). For each individual pathologist, biochemical recurrence rates incremented by Grade group and presence of CR/IDC, although such relation was less clear for percent Gleason pattern 4. In conclusion, inter-observer agreement for CR/IDC and percent Gleason pattern 4 is lower than for Grade groups, indicating awareness of these features needs further improvement. Grade group and CR/IDC, but not percent Gleason pattern 4 was related to biochemical recurrence for each pathologist, indicating overall validity of individual grade assignments despite inter-observer variability.

Intraoperative assessment and reporting of radical prostatectomy specimens to guide nerve-sparing surgery in prostate cancer patients (NeuroSAFE).

AIMS: Radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer is frequently complicated by urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Nerve-sparing surgery reduces the risk of postoperative complications and can be optimised by the use of intraoperative frozen sections of the adjacent neurovascular structure (NeuroSAFE). The aims of this study were to evaluate the pathological outcomes of the NeuroSAFE technique and to develop a comprehensive algorithm for intraoperative clinical decision-making. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between September 2018 and May 2019, 491 NeuroSAFE procedures were performed in 258 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy; 74 of 491 (15.1%) NeuroSAFE specimens had positive surgical margins. As compared with the corresponding paraffin sections, NeuroSAFE had a positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 85.1% and 95.4%, respectively. In 72.2% of secondary neurovascular bundle resections prompted by a NeuroSAFE positive surgical margin, no tumour was present. These cases more often had a positive surgical margin of ≤1 mm (48.7% versus 20.0%; P = 0.001) and only one positive slide (69.2% versus 33.3%; P = 0.008). None of the nine patients with Gleason pattern 3 at the surgical margin, a positive surgical margin length of ≤1 mm and one positive slide had tumour in the secondary resection. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a systematic reporting template for pathological intraoperative NeuroSAFE evaluation, supporting intraoperative clinical decision-making and comparison between prostate cancer operation centres.

End-fire versus side-fire: a randomized controlled study of transrectal ultrasound guided biopsies for prostate cancer detection.

Objectives: To compare prostate cancer detection rates between end-fire and side-fire ultrasound guided prostate biopsy techniques.Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial was performed in patients who underwent prostate biopsy between 2009 and 2014. Patients were randomly assigned to the end-fire or side fire biopsy groups and underwent transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. The overall prostate cancer detection rate was compared between the two probe configurations. Trial was registered at Clinical Trials.gov with identifier: NCT00851292.Results: A total of 730 patients were included and randomized, 371 patients underwent prostate biopsy with side-fire probe and 359 patients with the end-fire probe. Prostate cancer detection rates were 52.4% in the end fire group and 45.6% in the side fire group (p = .066).Conclusions: No significant difference was found in detection rate of prostate cancer between the end-fire and side-fire probe in transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy, neither for detection rate of prostate cancer in the apex.