ABSTRACT
In assessment of distal esophageal pH, the sensor of the probe should be placed above the upper border of the lower esophageal sphincter. There are several methods to estimate the distance from the nose where the probe should be fixed according to the patient's height. We studied the accuracy of these methods. Data of patients who underwent esophageal monitoring were collected prospectively. The esophageal pH electrode was set with the aid of fluoroscopy in all cases, considering the location recommended by the current guideline. Esophageal probe position and anthropometric data of each patient were recorded. We compared the actual esophageal pH electrode distance from the nose with that estimated by Nowak's, Strobel's, Staiano-Clouse's, and Moreau's formulae and the Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) table. A total of 98 patients were included, with ages ranging from 2 months to 19 years old. The highest success rate (67%) for all age groups was achieved by Nowak's formula (3.2 + 0.2 × height in cm). Considering only children under 3 years old, the GOSH table reached the highest-yet probably overestimated-fraction of adequate predictions. A corrected Staiano and Clouse's formula (4.28 + 0.191 × height in cm) had a slightly lower success rate than Nowak's due to a poorer performance in younger children. In conclusion, Nowak's formula is the most accurate regardless of age. It can help reduce radiation due to systematic fluoroscopy, as well as the subsequent manipulation of the esophageal probe. However, it still leads to pH sensor misplacements in more than one-third of children. In consequence, a confirmatory X-ray is advisable even after using the formula.
Subject(s)
Body Height , Esophageal pH Monitoring/methods , Gastroesophageal Reflux/diagnosis , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Electric Impedance , Electrodes , Esophageal Sphincter, Lower , Esophageal pH Monitoring/instrumentation , Esophagus/anatomy & histology , Esophagus/diagnostic imaging , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Mathematical Concepts , Young AdultABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Humans , Male , Crohn Disease/complications , Crohn Disease/drug therapy , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/therapy , Immunosuppressive Agents/toxicity , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Enteral Nutrition , Opportunistic Infections/complications , Opportunistic Infections/therapy , B-Lymphocytes/pathologySubject(s)
Azathioprine/toxicity , Bone Marrow Diseases/chemically induced , Crohn Disease/drug therapy , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications , Immunosuppressive Agents/toxicity , Adolescent , Azathioprine/therapeutic use , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/etiology , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , MaleABSTRACT
La enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) es un trastorno inflamatorio crónico del tracto intestinal de patogénesis multifactorial, con posible asociación a distintos desórdenes autoinmunes, entre los cuales se encuentra la hepatitis autoinmune (HAI). Se ha postulado una serie de características diferenciales de la EII asociada a HAI en niños. Nuestro objetivo es describir las características diferenciales observadas en nuestros pacientes con EII asociada a HAI respecto a aquellos con formas clásicas de la enfermedad, confirmando dicha singularidad
Inflammatory bowel Disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases that can be associated with different autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).Some specific and differential characteristics in children with IBD associated to AIH have beendescribed. Our aim is to describe the clinical pattern of this association observed in our patients,confirming its differential characteristics as compared to classical IBD in children
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis , Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism , Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology , Cholangitis/diagnosis , Gastrointestinal Tract/abnormalities , Colitis, Ulcerative/complications , Colitis, Ulcerative/prevention & control , Cholangitis/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Tract/injuriesABSTRACT
Inflammatory bowel Disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases that can be associated with different autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Some specific and differential characteristics in children with IBD associated to AIH have been described. Our aim is to describe the clinical pattern of this association observed in our patients, confirming its differential characteristics as compared to classical IBD in children.
Subject(s)
Colitis, Ulcerative/complications , Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis , Hepatitis, Autoimmune/complications , Hepatitis, Autoimmune/diagnosis , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis , Child, Preschool , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , HumansABSTRACT
Introducción: La ingesta de productos domésticos es la segunda causa de consulta por sospecha de intoxicación en la edad pediátrica, y entre éstos destacan los productos cáusticos por su potencial toxicidad y riesgo de secuelas. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de los pacientes que ingresan desde urgencias por sospecha de ingesta de cáusticos. Analizar los factores de riesgo de lesiones esófago gástricas. Revisar las recomendaciones actuales de manejo .Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes ingresados desde urgencias por sospecha de ingesta de cáusticos entre enero de 2005 y abril de 2010. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra de 78 pacientes, 45 de ellos varones (57,7%), mediana de edad de 2,2 años (rango: 1-17,3 años). En 13 casos el producto se encontraba fuera de su envase original y en 36 niños la familia había inducido el vómito o administrado algún líquido como diluyente. Presentaron síntomas 52 niños y la exploración física fue anormal en 46 pacientes. Se realizaron 39 endoscopias digestivas, objetivando lesiones en 7 pacientes. Al comparar los pacientes con endoscopia normal y alterada, se identifican como factores de riesgo de lesiones digestivas la realización de algún vómito (p=0,01) y la presencia de al menos 2 síntomas (p=0,03). Ningún paciente sin endoscopia presentó complicaciones posteriores. Conclusiones: Es necesario mejorar la educación sanitaria informando a las familias sobre medidas preventivas y de manejo inmediato, evitando maniobras que pueden agravar la situación. Algunos pacientes podrían beneficiarse de una observación clínica sin medidas de tratamiento más agresivas (AU)
Background: Household product ingestion is the second cause of visiting an Emergency Department for poisoning in children. Among these products, caustics are of great interest because of their potential toxicity and risk of sequelae. Objectives: To describe the epidemiological and clinical features of patients admitted to our hospital due to possible caustic ingestion. To analyse the risk factors associated with oesophageal or gastric injury. To review the latest treatment recommendations. Materials and methods: Retrospective review of all patients admitted with suspicion of caustic ingestion between January 2005 and April 2010. Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects were recorded. Results: A total of 78 patients were admitted, 45 (57.7%) were male, with a median age of 2.2 years (range: 1-17.3 years). In 13 cases the product was kept in a container different than the original. In 36 children, the family had induced vomiting or had given a liquid to dilute the product. Fifty two patients were symptomatic, and 46 of them had some sign on physical examination. Thirty nine oesophagoscopies were performed, and 7 oesophageal or gastric lesions were observed. When patients with normal and abnormal endoscopic findings were compared, the factors associated with an increased risk of mucosal injury were vomiting (P=0.01), and two or more symptoms at admission (P=0.03). No complication was described in patients without endoscopy. Conclusions: Family education about preventive and initial measures after caustic ingestion must be improved in an attempt to prevent wrong actions which can be harmful. Some patients might benefit from clinical observation without aggressive therapeutic measures (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Caustics/adverse effects , Caustics/toxicity , Esophagitis/complications , Esophagitis/diagnosis , Endoscopy , Alkalies/adverse effects , Alkalies/toxicity , Omeprazole/therapeutic use , Ranitidine/therapeutic use , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Esophagitis/physiopathology , Esophagitis , Risk Factors , Retrospective Studies , Endoscopy/classificationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Household product ingestion is the second cause of visiting an Emergency Department for poisoning in children. Among these products, caustics are of great interest because of their potential toxicity and risk of sequelae. OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiological and clinical features of patients admitted to our hospital due to possible caustic ingestion. To analyse the risk factors associated with oesophageal or gastric injury. To review the latest treatment recommendations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of all patients admitted with suspicion of caustic ingestion between January 2005 and April 2010. Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 78 patients were admitted, 45 (57.7%) were male, with a median age of 2.2 years (range: 1-17.3 years). In 13 cases the product was kept in a container different than the original. In 36 children, the family had induced vomiting or had given a liquid to dilute the product. Fifty two patients were symptomatic, and 46 of them had some sign on physical examination. Thirty nine oesophagoscopies were performed, and 7 oesophageal or gastric lesions were observed. When patients with normal and abnormal endoscopic findings were compared, the factors associated with an increased risk of mucosal injury were vomiting (P=0.01), and two or more symptoms at admission (P=0.03). No complication was described in patients without endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Family education about preventive and initial measures after caustic ingestion must be improved in an attempt to prevent wrong actions which can be harmful. Some patients might benefit from clinical observation without aggressive therapeutic measures.
Subject(s)
Burns, Chemical/etiology , Caustics/toxicity , Esophagus/injuries , Stomach/injuries , Adolescent , Burns, Chemical/diagnosis , Burns, Chemical/therapy , Child , Child, Preschool , Esophagoscopy , Female , Gastroscopy , Humans , Infant , Male , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
La enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (enfermedad de Crohn [EC], colitis ulcerosa, colitis indeterminada o enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal no clasificada) se acompaña de manifestaciones cutáneas hasta entre el 10 y el 15% de los casos. Hay pocos datos de prevalencia de éstas en poblaciones pediátricas, si bien algunos estudios recientes calculan que pueden estar presentes hasta en el 8% de los casos en el diagnóstico. El objetivo de este estudio es comunicar diferentes formas de manifestaciones cutáneas observadas en los pacientes pediátricos con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. El caso 1 se trata de un eritema nudoso de aparición al comienzo de la EC. Tiene una presentación típica en forma de nódulos eritematosos dolorosos de localización pretibial; su respuesta es buena y desaparece tras el inicio del tratamiento con infliximab. El caso 2 se trata de un caso con coexistencia de pioderma gangrenoso y síndrome de Sweet de afectación mucocutánea en un paciente con EC. La evolución de las lesiones es rápidamente progresiva y se controla con esteroides sistémicos. Se observa la presencia de importantes lesiones cicatriciales residuales. Los casos 3 y 4 se tratan de EC metastásica en glúteo y vulva, respectivamente, con buena respuesta al tratamiento con infliximab (AU)
Skin manifestations have been described in 1015% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis/inflammatory bowel disease type unclassified). There are limited data on the prevalence of these manifestations in paediatric patients, but recent studies have reported its presence in 8% of them at diagnosis. Our aim is to report the different skin manifestations observed in our paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Case 1: Erythema nodosum at Crohn's disease diagnosis. Typical presentation with painful erythematous nodules in the pretibial region and with good response to infliximab. Case 2: Coexistence of pyoderma gangrenosum and mucocutaneous Sweet's syndrome in a Crohn's disease patient. A rapidly progressive disease that was controlled with systemic steroids but with significant residual lesions. Case 3 and 4: Metastatic Crohn's disease with good response to infliximab (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications , Skin Diseases/epidemiology , Crohn Disease/complications , Colitis, Ulcerative/complications , Erythema Nodosum/etiology , Pyoderma Gangrenosum/etiology , Sweet Syndrome/etiology , Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Skin manifestations have been described in 10-15% of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis/inflammatory bowel disease type unclassified). There are limited data on the prevalence of these manifestations in paediatric patients, but recent studies have reported its presence in 8% of them at diagnosis. Our aim is to report the different skin manifestations observed in our paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Case 1: Erythema nodosum at Crohn's disease diagnosis. Typical presentation with painful erythematous nodules in the pretibial region and with good response to infliximab. Case 2: Coexistence of pyoderma gangrenosum and mucocutaneous Sweet's syndrome in a Crohn's disease patient. A rapidly progressive disease that was controlled with systemic steroids but with significant residual lesions. Case 3 and 4: Metastatic Crohn's disease with good response to infliximab.
