Factors associated with sustainability of 2 quality improvement programs after achieving early implementation success. A qualitative case study.

RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES: Sustainability of innovations is a relatively new concept in health care research and has become an issue of growing interest. The current study explored factors related to the sustainability of 2 multidisciplinary hospital-based programs 3 to 6 years after achieving early implementation success. METHOD: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted into 2 implementation cases, an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery program for colorectal surgery and a short-stay program for breast cancer surgery. Semistructured interviews were held with key persons involved in the care process in 14 hospitals from both cases minimally 3 years after the implementation, between March 2012 and May 2013. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was used to direct the development of the interview guide, during data collection and during analysis. A directed content analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 21 interviews with 26 individuals were held, 18 regarding the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery case and 8 regarding the short-stay program case. Respondents mentioned the following factors associated with sustainability of the programs: modification and adaptability of the program, cost-effectiveness, institutionalization into existing systems, short communication lines within the multidisciplinary team, an innovative culture, benefits for patients, cosmopolitanism, the existence of external policies and incentives, trust and belief in the program, and spread of the program to other settings. Two factors are not covered by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, ie, modification of the program over the years and spread of the program to other contexts. CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with sustainability put forward in both cases were largely the same. Leadership and the implementation project were not mentioned as having influenced the long-term sustainability of the benefits achieved. Sustainability of the innovations is influenced by determinants stemming from all ecological levels of the health care system and demands continuous effort in the postimplementation phase.

Quality of Life in Patients with Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema and Reconstructive Breast Surgery.

Background To evaluate the quality of life (QOL) of breast cancer survivors who have undergone breast reconstruction and have breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). Methods Patients with a unilateral mastectomy with or without breast reconstruction were evaluated for BCRL and their QOL. Patients were divided into a non-BCRL and a BCRL group. Patients with subjective complaints of arm swelling and/or an interlimb volume difference of >200 mL, or undergoing treatment for arm lymphedema were defined as having BCRL. QOL was assessed using cancer-specific (EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-B23) and disease specific (Lymph-ICF) questionnaires. Results In total, 253 patients with a mean follow-up time of 51.7 (standard deviation = 18.5) months since mastectomy completed the QOL questionnaires. Of these patients, 116 (46%) underwent mastectomy alone and 137 (54%) had additional breast reconstruction. A comparison of the QOL scores of 180 patients in the non-BCRL group showed a significantly better physical function (p = 0.004) for patients with reconstructive surgery compared with mastectomy patients. In the 73 patients with BCRL, a comparison of the QOL scores showed no significant differences between patients with mastectomy and reconstructive surgery. After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariate analysis showed a significant impact of BCRL on physical function (ß = - 7.46; p = 0.009), role function (ß = - 15.75; p = 0.003), cognitive function (ß = - 11.56; p = 0.005), body vision (ß = - 11.62; p = 0.007), arm symptoms (ß = 20.78; p = 0.000), and all domains of the Lymph-ICF questionnaire. Conclusions This study implies that BCRL has a negative effect on the QOL of breast cancer survivors, potentially negating the positive effects on QOL reconstructive breast surgery has.

Sarcopenia is associated with an increased inflammatory response to surgery in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Sarcopenia in gastrointestinal cancer has been associated with poor clinical outcome after surgery. The effect of low muscle mass on the inflammatory response to surgery has not been investigated, however skeletal muscle wasting in the context of cachexia is associated with a hyperinflammatory state at baseline. Knowledge on this matter can provide new insight into the detrimental effects of sarcopenia on postoperative recovery, possibly leading to novel therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether low muscle mass is associated with increased inflammation after resection of colorectal malignancies. METHODS: Eighty-seven consecutive patients undergoing elective resection of a primary colorectal tumor were enrolled. Muscle mass was assessed on routine preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans using image analysis by Osirix(®) by measuring skeletal muscle at the third lumbar vertebra (L3) level. The effect of muscle mass on pre- and postoperative plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), calprotectin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was analyzed. Clinical outcome was assessed by HARM (HospitAl stay, Readmission, and Mortality) scores. RESULTS: Skeletal muscle mass was not predictive of plasma concentrations of CRP and IL-6. However, low skeletal muscle mass was significantly predictive of high plasma concentrations of calprotectin on postoperative days (POD) 2 through 5, reaching highest significance on POD4 (regression beta, -6.06; 95% confidence interval, -10.45 to -1.68; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Low muscle mass in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer was associated with an increased postoperative inflammatory response. This may be at least part of the explanation for the high incidence of postoperative complications in sarcopenic patients.

A detailed report of the resource use and costs associated with implementation of a short stay programme for breast cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND: Despite the increased attention for assessing the effectiveness of implementation strategies, most implementation studies provide little or no information on its associated costs. The focus of the current study was to provide a detailed report of the resource use and costs associated with implementation of a short stay programme for breast cancer surgery in four Dutch hospitals. METHODS: The analysis was performed alongside a multi-centre implementation study. The process of identification, measurement and valuation of the implementation activities was based on recommendations for the design, analysis and reporting of health technology assessments. A scoring form was developed to prospectively determine the implementation activities at professional and implementation expert level. A time horizon of 5 years was used to calculate the implementation costs per patient. RESULTS: Identified activities were consisted of development and execution of the implementation strategy during the implementation project. Total implementation costs over the four hospitals were €83.293. Mean implementation costs, calculated for 660 patients treated over a period of 5 years, were €25 per patient. Subgroup analyses showed that the implementation costs ranged from €3.942 to €32.000 on hospital level. From a local hospital perspective, overall implementation costs were €21 per patient, after exclusion of the costs made by the expert centre. CONCLUSIONS: We provided a detailed case description of how implementation costs can be determined. Notable differences in implementation costs between hospitals were observed. ISRCTN: ISRCTN77253391.

The Human Colon Is More Resistant to Ischemia-reperfusion-induced Tissue Damage Than the Small Intestine: An Observational Study.

OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study was to draw comparisons between human colonic and jejunal ischemia-reperfusion sequelae in a human in vivo experimental model. BACKGROUND: In patients, colonic ischemia-reperfusion generally has a milder course than small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. It is unclear which pathophysiologic processes are responsible for this difference. METHODS: In 10 patients undergoing colonic surgery and 10 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy, 6 cm colon or jejunum was isolated and exposed to 60 minutes ischemia followed by various reperfusion periods. Morphology (hematoxylin and eosin), apoptosis (M30), tight junctions (zonula occludens 1), and neutrophil influx (myeloperoxidase) were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed for interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. RESULTS: Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed intact colonic epithelial lining, but extensive damage in jejunal villus tips after 60 minutes ischemia. After reperfusion, the colonic epithelial lining was not affected, whereas the jejunal epithelium was seriously damaged. Colonic apoptosis was limited to scattered cells in surface epithelium, whereas apoptosis was clearly observed in jejunal villi and crypts, (42 times more M30 positivity compared with colon, P < 0.01). Neutrophil influx and increased tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression were observed in jejunum after 30 and 120 minutes of reperfusion (P < 0.05). Interleukin-6 mRNA expression was increased in jejunum after 120 minutes of reperfusion (3.6-fold increase, P < 0.05), whereas interleukin-6 protein expression was increased in both colon (1.5-fold increase, P < 0.05) and small intestine (1.5-fold increase, P < 0.05) after 30 and 120 minutes of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Human colon is less susceptible to IR-induced tissue injury than small intestine.

Functional compromise reflected by sarcopenia, frailty, and nutritional depletion predicts adverse postoperative outcome after colorectal cancer surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of sarcopenia with postoperative morbidity and mortality after colorectal surgery. BACKGROUND: Functional compromise in elderly colorectal surgical patients is considered as a significant factor of impaired postoperative recovery. Therefore, the predictive value of preoperative functional compromise assessment was investigated. Sarcopenia is a hallmark of functional compromise. METHODS: A total of 310 consecutive patients who underwent oncologic colorectal surgery were included in a prospective digital database. Sarcopenia was assessed using the L3 muscle index utilizing Osirix on preoperative computed tomography. Groningen Frailty Indicator and Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire scores were used to assess frailty and nutritional compromise. Predictors for anastomotic leakage, sepsis, and mortality were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Age was an independent predictor of mortality [P = 0.04; odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-1.37]. Thirty-day/in-hospital mortality rate in sarcopenic patients was 8.8% versus 0.7% in nonsarcopenic patients (P = 0.001; odds ratio, 15.5; 95% CI, 2.00-120). Sarcopenia was not predictive for anastomotic leakage or sepsis. Combination of high Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire score, high Groningen Frailty Indicator score, and sarcopenia strongly predicted sepsis (P = 0.001; odds ratio, 25.1; 95% CI, 5.11-123), sensitivity, 46%; specificity, 97%; positive likelihood ratio, 13 (95% CI, 4.4-38); negative likelihood ratio, 0.57 (95% CI, 0.33-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Functional compromise in colorectal cancer surgery is associated with adverse postoperative outcome. Assessment of functional compromise by means of a nutritional questionnaire (Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire), a frailty questionnaire (Groningen Frailty Indicator), and sarcopenia measurement (L3 muscle index) can accurately predict postoperative sepsis.

Identification of promising strategies to sustain improvements in hospital practice: a qualitative case study.

BACKGROUND: A quality improvement collaborative is an intensive project involving a combination of implementation strategies applied in a limited "breakthrough" time window. After an implementation project, it is generally difficult to sustain its success. In the current study, sustainability was described as maintaining an implemented innovation and its benefits over a longer period of time after the implementation project has ended. The aim of the study was to explore potentially promising strategies for sustaining the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programme in colonic surgery as perceived by professionals, three to six years after the hospital had successfully finished a quality improvement collaborative. METHODS: A qualitative case study was performed to identify promising strategies to sustain key outcome variables related to the ERAS programme in terms of adherence, time needed for functional recovery and hospital length of stay (LOS), as achieved immediately after implementation. Ten hospitals were selected which had successfully implemented the ERAS programme in colonic surgery (2006-2009), with success defined as a median LOS of 6 days or less and protocol adherence rates above 70%. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were held with eighteen key participants of the care process three to six years after implementation, starting with the project leader in every hospital. The interviews started by confronting them with the level of sustained implementation results. A direct content analysis with an inductive coding approach was used to identify promising strategies. The mean duration of the interviews was 37 minutes (min 26 minutes - max 51 minutes). RESULTS: The current study revealed strategies targeting professionals and the organisation. They comprised internal audit and feedback on outcomes, small-scale educational booster meetings, reminders, changing the physical structure of the organisation, changing the care process, making work agreements and delegating responsibility, and involving a coordinator. A multifaceted self-driven promising strategy was applied in most hospitals, and in most hospitals promising strategies were suggested to sustain the ERAS programme. CONCLUSIONS: Joining a quality improvement collaborative may not be enough to achieve long-term normalisation of transformed care, and additional investments may be needed. The findings suggest that certain post-implementation strategies are valuable in sustaining implementation successes achieved after joining a quality improvement collaborative.

Functional recovery is considered the most important target: a survey of dedicated professionals.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to survey the relative importance of postoperative recovery targets and perioperative care items, as perceived by a large group of international dedicated professionals. METHODS: A questionnaire with eight postoperative recovery targets and 13 perioperative care items was mailed to participants of the first international Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) congress and to authors of papers with a clear relevance to ERAS in abdominal surgery. The responders were divided into categories according to profession and region. RESULTS: The recovery targets 'To be completely free of nausea', 'To be independently mobile' and 'To be able to eat and drink as soon as possible' received the highest score irrespective of the responder's profession or region of origin. Equally, the care items 'Optimizing fluid balance', 'Preoperative counselling' and 'Promoting early and scheduled mobilisation' received the highest score across all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Functional recovery, as in tolerance of food without nausea and regained mobility, was considered the most important target of recovery. There was a consistent uniformity in the way international dedicated professionals scored the relative importance of recovery targets and care items. The relative rating of the perioperative care items was not dependent on the strength of evidence supporting the items.

Reproducibility studies for experimental epitope detection in macrophages (EDIM).

INTRODUCTION: We have recently described epitope detection in macrophages (EDIM) by flow cytometry. This is a promising tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of malignancies. However, biological and technical validation is warranted before clinical applicability can be explored. METHODS: The pre-analytic and analytic phases were investigated. Five different aspects were assessed: blood sample stability, intra-individual variability in healthy persons, intra-assay variation, inter-assay variation and assay transferability. The post-analytic phase was already partly standardized and described in an earlier study. RESULTS: The outcomes in the pre-analytic phase showed that samples are stable for 24h after venipuncture. Biological variation over time was similar to that of serum tumor marker assays; each patient has a baseline value. Intra-assay variation showed good reproducibility, while inter-assay variation showed reproducibility similar to that of to established serum tumor marker assays. Furthermore, the assay showed excellent transferability between analyzers. CONCLUSION: Under optimal analytic conditions the EDIM method is technically stable, reproducible and transferable. Biological variation over time needs further assessment in future work.

Structured synchronous implementation of an enhanced recovery program in elective colonic surgery in 33 hospitals in The Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: It has been clearly shown that after elective colorectal surgery patients benefit from multimodal perioperative care programs. The Dutch Institute for Health Care Improvement started a breakthrough project to implement a multimodal perioperative care program of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). This pre/post noncontrolled study evaluated the success of large-scale implementation of the ERAS program for elective colonic surgery using the breakthrough series. METHODS: A total of 33 hospitals participated in this breakthrough project during 2005-2009. Each hospital performed a retrospective chart review to gather information on traditionally treated patients (pre-ERAS group, n = 1,451). During the subsequent year patients were treated according to the ERAS program (ERAS group, n = 1 034). Outcomes were length of stay (LOS), functional recovery, adherence to the protocol, and determinants of reduced LOS. RESULTS: Median LOS decreased significantly from 9 to 6 days (p < 0.001). In the ERAS group, functional recovery was reached within 3 days. Adherence to the protocol elements was high during the preoperative and perioperative phases but slightly lower during the postoperative phase. Younger age, female sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists grades I/II, and laparoscopic surgery were associated with decreased LOS. Care elements that positively influenced LOS were cessation of intravenous fluids and mobilization on postoperative day 1 and administration of laxatives postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The ERAS program was successfully implemented in one-third of all Dutch hospitals using the breakthrough series. Participating hospitals reduced the LOS by a median 3 days and were able to improve their standard of care in elective colonic surgery.

Ischaemia-induced mucus barrier loss and bacterial penetration are rapidly counteracted by increased goblet cell secretory activity in human and rat colon.

OBJECTIVE: Colonic ischaemia is frequently observed in clinical practice. This study provides a novel insight into the pathophysiology of colon ischaemia/reperfusion (IR) using a newly developed human and rat experimental model. DESIGN: In 10 patients a small part of colon that had to be removed for surgical reasons was isolated and exposed to 60 min of ischaemia (60I) with/without different periods of reperfusion (30R and 60R). Tissue not exposed to IR served as control. In rats, colon was exposed to 60I, 60I/30R, 60I/120R or 60I/240R (n=7 per group). The tissue was snap-frozen or fixed in glutaraldehyde, formalin or methacarn fixative. Mucins were stained with Periodic Acid Schiff/Alcian Blue (PAS/AB) and MUC2/Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA). Bacteria were studied using electron microscopy (EM) and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH). Neutrophils were studied using myeloperoxidase staining. qPCR was performed for MUC2, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1ß and tumour necrosis factor α. RESULTS: In rats, PAS/AB and MUC2/DBA staining revealed mucus layer detachment at ischaemia which was accompanied by bacterial penetration (in EM and FISH). Human and rat studies showed that, simultaneously, goblet cell secretory activity increased. This was associated with expulsion of bacteria from the crypts and restoration of the mucus layer at 240 min of reperfusion. Inflammation was limited to minor influx of neutrophils and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines during reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Colonic ischaemia leads to disruption of the mucus layer facilitating bacterial penetration. This is rapidly counteracted by increased secretory activity of goblet cells, leading to expulsion of bacteria from the crypts as well as restoration of the mucus barrier.

Sarcopenia negatively affects preoperative total functional liver volume in patients undergoing liver resection.

OBJECTIVES: Sarcopenia may negatively affect short-term outcomes after liver resection. The present study aimed to explore whether total functional liver volume (TFLV) is related to sarcopenia in patients undergoing partial liver resection. METHODS: Analysis of total liver volume and tumour volume and measurements of muscle surface were performed in patients undergoing liver resection using OsiriX(®) and preoperative computed tomography. The ratio of TFLV to bodyweight was calculated as: [TFLV (ml)/bodyweight (g)]*100%. The L3 muscle index (cm(2) /m(2) ) was then calculated by normalizing muscle areas (at the third lumbar vertebral level) for height. RESULTS: Of 40 patients, 27 (67.5%) were classified as sarcopenic. There was a significant correlation between the L3 skeletal muscle index and TFLV (r= 0.64, P < 0.001). Median TFLV was significantly lower in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group [1396 ml (range: 1129-2625 ml) and 1840 ml (range: 867-2404 ml), respectively; P < 0.05]. Median TFLV : bodyweight ratio was significantly lower in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group [2.0% (range: 1.4-2.5%) and 2.3% (range: 1.5-2.5%), respectively; P < 0.05]. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenic patients had a disproportionally small preoperative TFLV compared with non-sarcopenic patients undergoing liver resection. The preoperative hepatic physiologic reserve may therefore be smaller in sarcopenic patients.

Microsurgical techniques for the treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Upper limb lymphedema is one of the most underestimated and debilitating complications of breast cancer treatment. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent literature for evidence of the effectiveness of lymphatic microsurgery for the treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). METHODS: A search was conducted for articles published from January 2000 until January 2012. Only studies on secondary lymphedema after breast cancer treatment and those examining the effectiveness of microsurgery were included. RESULTS: No randomized clinical trials or comparative studies were available. Ten case-series met inclusion criteria: (composite) tissue transfer (n = 4), lymphatic vessel transfer (n = 2), and derivative microlymphatic surgery (n = 4). Limb volume/circumference reduction varied from 2 to 50% over a follow-up time ranging from 1 to 132 months. Postoperative discontinuation rates of conservative therapy were only reported after composite tissue transfer, ranging from 33 to 100% after 3 to 24 months. Clear selection criteria for lymphatic surgery and lymphatic flow assessment were absent in most studies. CONCLUSION: We identified important methodological shortcomings of the available literature. Evidence acquired through comparative studies with uniform patient selection is lacking. Consistent positive findings with regards to limb volume reduction and limited complications are reasons to further explore these techniques in methodologically superior studies.

Sustainability of healthcare innovations (SUSHI): long term effects of two implemented surgical care programmes (protocol).

BACKGROUND: Two healthcare innovations were successfully implemented using different implementation strategies. First, a Short Stay Programme for breast cancer surgery (MaDO) was implemented in four early adopter hospitals, using a hospital-tailored implementation strategy. Second, the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programme for colonic surgery was implemented in 33 Dutch hospitals, using a generic breakthrough implementation strategy. Both strategies resulted in a shorter hospital length of stay without a decrease in quality of care. Currently, it is unclear to what extent these innovative programmes and their results have been sustained three to five years following implementation. The aim of the sustainability of healthcare innovations (SUSHI) study is to analyse sustainability and its determinants using two implementation cases. METHODS: This observational study uses a mixed methods approach. The study will be performed in 14 hospitals in the Netherlands, from November 2010. For both implementation cases, the programme aspects and the effects will be evaluated by means of a follow-up measurement in 160 patients who underwent breast cancer surgery and 300 patients who underwent colonic surgery. A policy cost-effectiveness analysis from a societal perspective will be performed prospectively for the Short Stay Programme for breast cancer surgery in 160 patients. To study determinants of sustainability key professionals in the multidisciplinary care processes and implementation change agents will be interviewed using semi-structured interviews. DISCUSSION: The concept of sustainability is not commonly studied in implementation science. The SUSHI study will provide insight in to what extent the short-term implementation benefits have been maintained and in the determinants of long-term continuation of programme activities.

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for skin flap necrosis after a mastectomy: a case study.

The rate of complications in immediate breast reconstruction is in 15% to 20% due to partial loss of the mastectomy skin flaps. In the case of skin necrosis or ischemia, a therapy that reduces skin loss could be of additional benefit. Hyperbaric oxygen has been used to treat compromised flaps and grafts, an indication recognized and reimbursed according to the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS). So far, hyperbaric oxygen has not been previously reported as therapy for full-thickness breast skin flap necrosis on patients with a direct reconstruction with silicone implants after a skin-sparing mastectomy. This report presents such a case, in which a 52-year-old woman carrier of the BRCA2 mutation gene was successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

[Follow-up in oncology: focused on the patient and the disease]. / Follow-up in de oncologie: patiënt--én ziektespecifiek.

Follow-up in oncology primarily encompasses medical technical examinations of patients following treatment for cancer. The term "aftercare" more accurately represents which approach should be taken after completion of cancer treatment: not only medical technical care, but fulfilment of care needs that result from the disease and its treatment. For each patient an individual aftercare plan should be put in place, which fulfils the 3 goals of aftercare: psycho-social and medical care, early diagnosis of recurrent disease or new primary disease activity if such early diagnosis bears clinical relevance, and medical audit. Involving patients in this decision-making process is generally limited in daily practice. The way in which the individual patient's aftercare is carried out, is still a scientific challenge. It is clear, however, that nothing about this is "standard".

Cost-effectiveness of a short stay admission programme for breast cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND: Short stay (admission, surgery, and discharge the same day or within 24 hours) following breast cancer surgery is part of an established care protocol but as yet not well implemented in Europe. Alongside a before-after multi-centre implementation study, an economic evaluation was performed exploring the cost-effectiveness of a short stay programme (SSP) versus care as usual (CAU). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the implementation study, 324 patients were included. In the economic evaluation a societal perspective was applied with a six week time horizon. Cost data were obtained from Case Record Forms and cost diaries. Effectiveness was assessed by calculating Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs), using the EuroQol-5D. Cost-effectiveness was expressed as the incremental costs per QALY. RESULTS: Mean societal costs decreased by euro955,- (95% CI euro - 2104,- to euro157,-) for patients in SSP (n=127) compared with CAU (n=135). Mean healthcare costs differed euro883,- (95% CI euro - 1560,- to euro870,-) in favour of SSP. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio could not be calculated due to similar effectiveness for both groups, i.e. the difference in QALYs was zero. The cost-effectiveness acceptability curves showed that the probability that SSP was more cost-effective than CAU was over 90% in the base-case analysis. DISCUSSION: A short stay programme as implemented is cost-effective compared with care as usual. In achieving good and more efficient quality of care, larger scale implementation is warranted.

Consensus review of optimal perioperative care in colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Group recommendations.

OBJECTIVES: To describe a consensus review of optimal perioperative care in colorectal surgery and to provide consensus recommendations for each item of an evidence-based protocol for optimal perioperative care. DATA SOURCES: For every item of the perioperative treatment pathway, available English-language literature has been examined. STUDY SELECTION: Particular attention was paid to meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews. DATA EXTRACTION: A consensus recommendation for each protocol item was reached after critical appraisal of the literature by the group. DATA SYNTHESIS: For most protocol items, recommendations are based on good-quality trials or meta-analyses of such trials. CONCLUSIONS: The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Group presents a comprehensive evidence-based consensus review of perioperative care for colorectal surgery. It is based on the evidence available for each element of the multimodal perioperative care pathway.

Investigating the complementary value of discrete choice experiments for the evaluation of barriers and facilitators in implementation research: a questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND: The potential barriers and facilitators to change should guide the choice of implementation strategy. Implementation researchers believe that existing methods for the evaluation of potential barriers and facilitators are not satisfactory. Discrete choice experiments (DCE) are relatively new in the health care sector to investigate preferences, and may be of value in the field of implementation research. The objective of our study was to investigate the complementary value of DCE for the evaluation of barriers and facilitators in implementation research. METHODS: Clinical subject was the implementation of the guideline for breast cancer surgery in day care. We identified 17 potential barriers and facilitators to the implementation of this guideline. We used a traditional questionnaire that was made up of statements about the potential barriers and facilitators. Respondents answered 17 statements on a five-point scale ranging from one (fully disagree) to five (fully agree). The potential barriers and facilitators were included in the DCE as decision attributes. Data were gathered among anaesthesiologists, surgical oncologists, and breast care nurses by means of a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. RESULTS: The overall response was 10%. The most striking finding was that the responses to the traditional questionnaire hardly differentiated between barriers. Forty-seven percent of the respondents thought that DCE is an inappropriate method. These respondents considered DCE too difficult and too time-consuming. Unlike the traditional questionnaire, the results of a DCE provide implementation researchers and clinicians with a relative attribute importance ranking that can be used to prioritize potential barriers and facilitators to change, and hence to better fine-tune the implementation strategies to the specific problems and challenges of a particular implementation process. CONCLUSION: The results of our DCE and traditional questionnaire would probably lead to different implementation strategies. Although there is no 'gold standard' for prioritising potential barriers and facilitators to the implementation of change, theoretically, DCE would be the method of choice. However, the feasibility of using DCE was less favourable. Further empirical applications should investigate whether DCE can really make a valuable contribution to the implementation science.