ABSTRACT
We describe the first Mycobacterium haemophilum infection that occurred in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus in Germany and report 7 newly diagnosed cases of M. haemophilum infection. In the former case, a local M. haemophilum skin infection resolved as a result of successful antiretroviral therapy only; however, that clinical outcome may not be possible for more invasive forms of the disease.
Subject(s)
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Mycobacterium Infections/etiology , Mycobacterium haemophilum , Skin Diseases/etiology , Adult , Female , HIV Infections/complications , Humans , Mycobacterium Infections/microbiology , Skin Diseases/microbiology , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Cutaneous endometriosis is a well known but rare phenomenon. We present a case of spontaneous umbilical endometriosis. The patient revealed a polypoid, brown-blue nodule within the umbilical depression with the typical history of monthly bleeding from the umbilicus. The differential diagnoses are summarized.
Subject(s)
Endometriosis/pathology , Skin Diseases/pathology , Umbilicus , Adult , Endometriosis/complications , Female , Hemorrhage/etiology , Humans , Skin Diseases/complicationsABSTRACT
Numerous data demonstrate that lymphoid tissues represent a major HIV reservoir and sites of virus replication. To gain more information about the phenotype of cells in which HIV replicates in the lymphoid tissue, we applied HIV RNA hybridization technique in combination with immunohistochemistry on 10 lymph nodes and 2 lymphoepithelial cysts (LEC) of the parotid gland. In addition, to determine whether or not follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are important targets for HIV, we also analysed isolated and sorted FDC from 4 lymph nodes. The tissues showed follicular hyperplasia and heavy RNA signals in the germinal centres (GC), where diffuse labelling in the light zone as well as single cells with > 50 silver grains were present. The extrafollicular parenchyma contained only a few productively infected cells. The diffuse labelling was intimately related to the FDC network. However, electron microscopic examination and in situ hybridization on isolated FDC did not provide convincing evidence for virus replication in these cells. Virus-producing cells in the GC were almost exclusively CD45RO+, CD57- T cells. Macrophages with HIV RNA were mainly found in LEC of the parotid gland. S-100+ interdigitating cells of the T-dependent zone were HIV RNA-. However, some large S-100+ cells in the squamous epithelium covering the LEC or lying subepithelial did express HIV RNA. These findings suggest that local factors (cytokines?) in the lymphoid tissue probably influence the expression of HIV.
Subject(s)
Dendritic Cells/virology , HIV Infections/virology , HIV-1/isolation & purification , Lymphoid Tissue/virology , Macrophages/virology , Dendritic Cells/ultrastructure , HIV Infections/etiology , HIV Infections/pathology , HIV-1/genetics , HIV-1/physiology , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , In Situ Hybridization , Microscopy, Electron , RNA, Viral/genetics , RNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Virus ReplicationABSTRACT
We studied seven cases of Kaposi's sarcomas (KS) obtained from patients with AIDS and one KS from a patient without HIV infection. Antigen expression was studied by immunocytochemistry and mRNA expression by in situ hybridisation. The markers tested were endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1, thrombomodulin, and tissue factor. In all tumors (AIDS and non-AIDS associated) these markers reacted positive, indicating transcription and translation of these genes in KS. The synthesis and expression of tissue factor and thrombomodulin suggests that KS is a tumor that has tissue factor-mediated thrombin formation under the control of thrombomodulin. The expression of thrombomodulin and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 provides evidence for the vascular origin of KS.
