Evaluación prospectiva del perfil emético y la eficacia analgésica del ibuprofeno y el metamizol intravenososen el postoperatorio inmediato de la apendicitis agudapediátrica / Prospective evaluation of the emetogenic profile and analgesic efficacy of intravenous ibuprofen and metamizole in the immediate postoperative period of pediatric acute appendicitis

Introducción: En la literatura existen pocas referencias que comparen las distintas alternativas disponibles para controlar el dolor enel postoperatorio inmediato de la apendicitis aguda pediátrica (AAP).Material y métodos: Comparación prospectiva del perfil anal-gésico y emético del ibuprofeno y el metamizol intravenosos en elpostoperatorio inmediato de la AAP, para lo cual se recurre a unamuestra de pacientes operados en 2021 en nuestro centro. Los participantes fueron reclutados a su llegada a Urgencias, obteniéndoseconfirmación histopatológica del diagnóstico en todos ellos. La evaluación del dolor se llevó a cabo cada 8 horas tras la cirugía medianteescalas analógicas visuales validadas, con valoraciones entre los 0 ylos 10 puntos. Se realizó un ANOVA de las medidas repetidas entrelos dos grupos para comparar la evolución del dolor en las 48 horasposteriores a la cirugía.Resultados: La muestra estaba compuesta por un total de 95 pacientes (65% de ellos varones) con una edad media de 9,7 años (DT:3,14). 41 pacientes fueron tratados con ibuprofeno (grupo 1) y 54 conmetamizol (grupo 2). No se hallaron diferencias significativas en lo querespecta al dolor, ni en las comparaciones de las mediciones puntuales,ni en su evolución en las 48 horas posteriores a la cirugía (p= 0,58). Unavez realizado el ajuste correspondiente a la terapia de fluidos recibida,los niños del grupo metamizol tuvieron significativamente más episodioseméticos y necesitaron significativamente más dosis de ondansetrón.Conclusiones: En nuestra cohorte, el ibuprofeno tuvo una eficaciaanalgésica similar y un mejor perfil emético que el metamizol en elpostoperatorio inmediato de la AAP. Se hacen necesarios nuevos estudiosprospectivos, adecuadamente controlados y con mayor tamaño muestralque validen estos hallazgos.(AU)

Background: Literature comparing different alternatives for paincontrol in the immediate postoperative period of pediatric acute appendicitis (PAA) is scarce.Materials and methods: We prospectively compared the analgesicand emetogenic profile of intravenous ibuprofen and metamizole in theimmediate postoperative period of PAA. For this purpose, we used asample of patients operated on in 2021 in our center. Participants wererecruited on arrival at the Emergency Department and histopathologi-cal confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in all of them. Pain wasevaluated every 8 hours after the surgery with validated visual analogscales ranging from 0 to 10 points. Repeated measures ANOVA wasused to compare the evolution of pain in the 48 hours after surgerybetween the two groups. Results: The sample included 95 patients (65% males) with a meanage of 9.7 years (sd: 3.14). 41 patients were treated with Ibuprofen(group 1) and 54 with metamizole (group 2). No significant differ-ences were found in the level of pain either in the comparisons of pointmeasurements or in its evolution in the 48 hours after surgery (p= 0.58).After adjusting for the received fluid therapy, children in the metamizolegroup had significantly more emetic episodes and needed significantlymore doses of ondansetron. Conclusions: In our cohort, ibuprofen had a similar analgesic ef-ficacy and a better emetogenic profile than metamizole in the immediatepostoperative period of PAA. Future prospective, adequately controlledstudies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these findings.(AU)

Comparación potencial de las actividades antiinflamatorias de las formulaciones de enjuague bucal de quercetina y diclofenaco / Potential Comparison of Anti-inflammatory Activities of Quercetin and Diclofenac Mouthwash Formulations

Introduction: Periodontitis is a pandemic, with about 14 percent of people worldwide already suffering from severe periodontitis. Early intervention in the disease could probably reduce its progression and eliminate the need for the extraction of affected teeth. Quercetin is a probable candidate as it has exemplary anti-inflammatory properties. The presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups in them greatly contributes to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Objectives: The study introduces the formulation of Quercetin mouthwash and assesses its anti-inflammatory properties in comparison to Diclofenac sodium. Methods: Quercetin mouthwash was prepared using a commercially procured bioactive agent. One standard nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Diclofenac was used as a reference drug. The percentage inhibition of protein denaturation was calculated and its anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated through Bovine Serum Albumin Assay and Egg Albumin Assay. Results: Quercetin mouthwash showed parallel anti-inflammatory properties and showed a proportionate increase in anti-inflammatory properties with the increase in the concentration of the mouthwash. Comparable inhibition of protein denaturation at 10µl and 50µl concentrations with a proportionate variation of 1 percent (p>0.05) to the control in Egg Albumin Assay and 47 percent and 83 percent denaturation at 10µl and 50µl of Bovine Serum Albumin Assay were observed. Conclusion: Quercetin mouthwash has shown significant anti-inflammatory activity and hence is considered a potent anti-inflammatory agent comparable to Diclofenac sodium. It is found to be a suitable agent as an oral formulation for reducing the progression of inflammatory conditions(AU)

Introducción: La periodontitis es una pandemia, ya que alrededor del 14 por ciento de las personas en todo el mundo padecen periodontitis grave. Una intervención precoz en la enfermedad podría, probablemente, reducir su progresión y eliminar la necesidad de extraer los dientes afectados. La quercetina es un candidato probable, ya que tiene propiedades antiinflamatorias ejemplares. Su presencia de grupos hidroxilos fenólicos contribuye en gran medida a sus actividades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias. Objetivos: El estudio presenta la formulación del colutorio de quercetina y evalúa sus propiedades antiinflamatorias en comparación con el diclofenaco sódico. Métodos: Se preparó un colutorio de quercetina, utilizando un agente bioactivo obtenido comercialmente. Se utilizó como fármaco de referencia un antiinflamatorio no esteroideo estándar, el diclofenaco. Se calculó el porcentaje de inhibición de la desnaturalización de proteínas y se evaluaron sus propiedades antiinflamatorias mediante ensayo con albúmina de suero bovino y con albúmina de huevo. Resultados: El colutorio de quercetina mostró propiedades antiinflamatorias paralelas y mostró un aumento proporcional de las propiedades antiinflamatorias con el aumento de la concentración del colutorio. Se observó una inhibición comparable de la desnaturalización de proteínas a concentraciones de 10µl y 50µl con una variación proporcional del 1 por ciento (p > 0,05), respecto al control en el ensayo de albúmina de huevo y una desnaturalización del 47 por ciento y 83 por ciento a 10µl y 50µl del ensayo de albúmina de suero bovino. Conclusiones: El enjuague bucal de quercetina ha mostrado una actividad antiinflamatoria significativa, por lo que se considera un potente agente antiinflamatorio comparable al diclofenaco sódico. Se considera un agente adecuado como formulación oral para reducir la progresión de las afecciones inflamatorias(AU)

Documento de expertos sobre el uso apropiado de los SYSADOA en situaciones clínicas controvertidas / Experts Document About an Adequate Utilization of SYSADOAs in Controversial Clinical Situations

Antecedentes y objetivo: Los SYSADOA (del inglés, symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis) orales son compuestos naturales que han demostrado ser útiles y seguros en el tratamiento de la artrosis (AO). Sin embargo, su uso en ciertas situaciones clínicas carece aún de evidencia científica y recomendaciones claras. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la opinión de un grupo de expertos sobre el uso de los SYSADOA en el tratamiento de la AO en situaciones clínicas controvertidas. Materiales y métodos: Siguiendo el método del uso apropiado mediante la técnica Delphi, se valoraron 206 consultas concretas, estructuradas en 24 preguntas clínicas. Un panel de expertos, compuesto por un total de 15 especialistas, respondió a las dos rondas de consulta a través de una plataforma online. Los resultados se analizaron y debatieron en una reunión presencial con los coordinadores y el comité científico. Según el porcentaje de panelistas que coincidieron en los mismos, se clasificaron los resultados en términos de unanimidad, consenso, mayoría y discrepancia. Resultados: Se consensuaron los siguientes puntos: (1) el fenotipo del paciente condiciona el uso de los SYSADOA orales; (2) los SYSADOA orales se consideran adecuados en la AO primaria (rodilla, mano y cadera) y en algunos tipos de AO secundaria; no se consideran adecuados en AO erosiva de manos, hombro, columna y tobillo; (3) los SYSADOA orales pueden ser prescritos a pacientes con riesgo o enfermedad cardiovascular, enfermedad digestiva, hipertensión, dislipemia, enfermedad vascular periférica, diabetes tipo 2 y, a excepción de diacereína, en pacientes con reflujo esofágico. No se obtuvo acuerdo en la prescripción de los SYSADOA orales en pacientes con enfermedad hepática y renal.(AU)

Background and objective: SYSADOAs (symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis) are natural compounds that have been shown to be useful and safe in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). However, their use in certain clinical situations still lacks scientific evidence and clear recommendations. The objective of this work was to learn the opinion of a group of experts regarding the appropriate use of SYSADOA in the treatment of OA in controversial clinical situations. Materials and methods: Following the Delphi technique, 206 specific consultations, structured in 24 clinical questions, were evaluated. A panel of experts composed of a total of 15 specialists, answered the two rounds of consultation through an online platform. The results were analysed and discussed in a face-to-face meeting with the coordinators and the scientific committee. According to the percentage of panellists who agreed on their findings, the results were classified in terms of unanimity, consensus, majority and discrepancy. Results: The following points were agreed upon: (1) the patient's phenotype determines the use of SYSADOAs; (2) SYSADOAs are considered appropriate in primary OA (knee, hand and hip) and in some types of secondary OA; they are not considered appropriate in OA of the shoulder, spine, ankle and erosive OA of the hands; (3) SYSADOAs may be prescribed for patients at risk of or with cardiovascular disease, digestive disease, hypertension, dyslipaemia, peripheral vascular disease, type 2 diabetes and, excluding diacerein, for patients with oesophageal reflux. No agreement was obtained on the prescription of SYSADOAs for patients with hepatic and renal disease. Conclusions: There is limited literature on the use of SYSADOAs for the treatment of OA in controversial situations. Through this work it has been possible to establish the position of a group of experts regarding clinical situations for which there is no scientific evidence concerning their use.(AU)

Experts document about an adequate utilization of SYSADOAs in controversial clinical situations.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: SYSADOAs (Symptomatic Slow-Acting Drugs for Osteoarthritis) are natural compounds that have been shown to be useful and safe in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). However, their use in certain clinical situations still lacks scientific evidence and clear recommendations. The objective of this work was to learn the opinion of a group of experts regarding the appropriate use of SYSADOA in the treatment of OA in controversial clinical situations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following the Delphi technique, 206 specific consultations, structured in 24 clinical questions, were evaluated. A panel of experts composed of a total of 15 specialists, answered the two rounds of consultation through an online platform. The results were analysed and discussed in a face-to-face meeting with the coordinators and the scientific committee. According to the percentage of panellists who agreed on their findings, the results were classified in terms of unanimity, consensus, majority and discrepancy. RESULTS: The following points were agreed upon: (1) the patient's phenotype determines the use of SYSADOAs; (2) SYSADOAs are considered appropriate in primary OA (knee, hand and hip) and in some types of secondary OA; they are not considered appropriate in OA of the shoulder, spine, ankle and erosive OA of the hands; (3) SYSADOAs may be prescribed for patients at risk of or with cardiovascular disease, digestive disease, hypertension, dyslipaemia, peripheral vascular disease, type 2 diabetes and, excluding Diacerein, for patients with oesophageal reflux. No agreement was obtained on the prescription of SYSADOAs for patients with hepatic and renal disease. CONCLUSIONS: There is limited literature on the use of SYSADOAs for the treatment of OA in controversial situations. Through this work it has been possible to establish the position of a group of experts regarding clinical situations for which there is no scientific evidence concerning their use. This work may contribute towards improving the management protocols of SYSADOAs in the treatment of OA and offer a useful approach in uncertain situations.

Eficácia da terapia a laser de tecidos profundos na cicatrização de úlceras por pressão em paciente com tetraplegia: relato de caso / Efficacy of deep tissue laser therapy in pressure ulcer healing in patient with quadriplegia: Case Report

CONTEXTO: Úlceras por pressão (UP) são a complicação mais comum observada em pacientes acamados. O objetivo deste relato de caso é explorar a eficácia da terapia a laser no infravermelho próximo de classe IV no tratamento de úlceras de pressão grandes e graves. DADOS: Um homem de 53 anos com diagnóstico de tetraplegia devido à tuberculose da coluna cervical no nível C5-C6 foi admitido em um hospital com úlcera por pressão instável sobre o sacro e úlceras de pressão do National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel estágio 3 sobre a área trocantérica direita para lesão por pressão. Não havia comorbidades associadas, como diabetes mellitus e hipertensão. Utilizou-se o Lite Cure Gallium-Aluminium-Arsenide (GaAlAs) classe IV laser próximo ao infravermelho, sem contato, emissão de feixe contínuo (não pulsante) no comprimento de onda de 980 nm. Os parâmetros de dosagem usados foram: 7,5 - 10 watts de potência; faixa de dosagem 7 J / cm2 - 9 J / cm2; área sacral (13 × 9) cm2 e área trocantérica (10 × 8) cm2; em diferentes densidades de energia; o tempo de tratamento varia entre 8 a 15 minutos para cada úlcera. No total, 19 sessões durante um período de 6 semanas foram administradas para tratar úlceras de pressão. Dimensões (área) e estágio de gravidade da úlcera por pressão foram anotados antes da intervenção e após a conclusão da intervenção. Os dados pós-tratamento revelaram melhora clínica em ambos os desfechos. CONCLUSÃO / SIGNIFICADO CLÍNICO: Este relato de caso demonstra um efeito anti-inflamatório, analgésico e bioestimulante de cicatrização do tratamento com laserterapia Classe IV, apresentando redução nas dimensões e gravidade das úlceras por pressão.

CONTEXT: Pressure ulcers (PU) are the most common complication noted in bed-ridden patients. The purpose of this case report is to explore the efficacy of class IV near-infrared laser therapy in the treatment of large and severe pressure ulcers. FINDINGS: A 53-years-old male diagnosed with quadriplegia due to cervical spine tuberculosis at level C5- C6 was admitted to a hospital with an unstageable pressure ulcer over the sacrum and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Pressure stage 3 ulcers over the right trochanteric area for pressure injury. No associated comorbidities like diabetes mellitus and hypertension were present. The Lite Cure Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide (GaAlAs) class IV near-infrared laser, non-contact, continuous beam emission (non-pulsing) at 980nm wavelength, was used. The dosage parameters used were: 7.5 - 10 watts power; dose range 7 J/cm2 - 9 J/cm2; sacral area (13×9) cm2 and trochanteric area (10×8) cm2; at varying energy densities; treatment time ranges between 8 to 15 minutes for each ulcer. Total 19 sessions over 6 weeks were given to treat pressure ulcers. Dimensions (area) and severity stage of pressure ulcer were noted pre-intervention and after the intervention. The post-treatment data revealed the clinical improvement in both outcomes. CONCLUSION/ CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This case report demonstrates the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and bio-stimulative healing effects of Class IV laser therapy treatment showing a reduction in the dimensions and severity of pressure ulcers.

Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of chitosan and hemostatic gelatin in oral cell culture / Efectos citotóxicos y antiinflamatorios del quitosano y la gelatina hemostática en cultivo celular oral

ABSTRACT Chitosan is a biopolymer with bactericidal/bacteriostatic effect, biocompatible and biodegradable. It has been used in tissue engineering to replace tissues partially or completely by releasing bioactive materials or influencing cell growth, usually in regenerative medicine and dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effect of chitosan alone or with hemostatic gelatin (Spongostand®) in cultures of human pulp cells (HPC), human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and mouse pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1, ATCC). HPC and HGF were isolated from patients. Cells were subcultured in DMEM. Chitosan was inoculated at different concentrations (0-0.5%) and hemostatic gelatins impregnated with chitosan (0.19%) were placed directly in the presence of cells and incubated for 24 hours. Cell viability was determined by MTT method and mean cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was calculated from the dose-response curve. Anti-inflammatory effect was calculated from the in vitro gingivitis model induced with interleukin 1beta (IL-1β) in HGF and protein detection. The data were subjected to Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Experiments were performed in triplicate of three independent assays. Cell viability of HPC, HGF and MC3T3-E1 in contact with chitosan decreased significantly (p<0.05). The HPC were the most sensitive (CC50= 0.18%), followed by HGF (CC50= 0.18%) and MC3T3-E1 (CC50= 0.19%). The cytotoxicity of gelatins impregnated with chitosan decreased cell viability of HGF and HPC by 11% and 5%, respectively. The proinflammatory effect was reduced significantly in the gingivitis model. To conclude, chitosan induces moderate cytotoxic effects alone or with hemostatic gelatin at 0.19%, in dose-dependent manner, with anti-inflammatory effects on human gingival fibroblasts. The use of chitosan as a biomaterial can be an excellent choice for use in regenerative dentistry.

RESUMEN El quitosano es un biopolímero con efecto bactericida/bacteriostático, biocompatible y biodegradable. Se ha utilizado en ingeniería de tejidos con el fin de reemplazar parcial o completamente los tejidos como material bioactivo o influyendo en el crecimiento celular, comúnmente, para medicina y odontología regenerativa. Evaluar el efecto citotóxico y antiinflamatorio del quitosano solo o con gelatina hemostática (Spongostand®) en cultivos con células pulpares humanas (HPC), fibroblastos gingivales humanos (HGF) y preosteoblastos de ratón (MC3T3-E1, ATCC). HPC, HGF se aislaron de pacientes. Las células se subcultivaron en DMEM. Se inoculó quitosano a diferentes concentraciones (0-0,5%) y se colocaron gelatinas hemostáticas impregnadas con quitosano (0,19%) directamente en presencia de células y se incubaron durante 24 horas. La viabilidad celular se determinó mediante el método MTT y se calculó la concentración citotóxica media (CC50) a partir de la curva dosis-respuesta. El efecto antiinflamatorio se calculó a partir del modelo de gingivitis in vitro inducido con interleucina 1β (IL-1β) en HGF. Los datos se sometieron a las pruebas de Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis y Mann-Whitney. Los experimentos se realizaron por triplicado de tres ensayos independientes. La viabilidad celular de HPC, HGF y MC3T3-E1 en contacto con el quitosano disminuyó significativamente la viabilidad celular (p <0.05). Las HPC fueron las más sensibles (CC50= 0,18%) seguido de HGF (CC50= 0,18%) y MC3T3-E1 (CC50= 0,19%). Las gelatinas impregnadas con quitosano mostraron una disminución en la viabilidad celular para HGF, HPC de 11% y 5% respectivamente y se redujo significativamente el efecto pro-inflamatorio en el modelo de gingivitis humano. El quitosano induce efectos citotóxicos moderados solo o con gelatina hemostática a 0,19% de forma dosis-dependiente con efectos antiinflamatorios en fibroblastos gingivales humanos. El uso de quitosano como biomaterial puede ser una excelente opción para su uso en odontología regenerativa.

Experts Document About an Adequate Utilization of SYSADOAs in Controversial Clinical Situations. / Documento de expertos sobre el uso apropiado de los SYSADOA en situaciones clínicas controvertidas.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: SYSADOAs (symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis) are natural compounds that have been shown to be useful and safe in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). However, their use in certain clinical situations still lacks scientific evidence and clear recommendations. The objective of this work was to learn the opinion of a group of experts regarding the appropriate use of SYSADOA in the treatment of OA in controversial clinical situations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following the Delphi technique, 206 specific consultations, structured in 24 clinical questions, were evaluated. A panel of experts composed of a total of 15 specialists, answered the two rounds of consultation through an online platform. The results were analysed and discussed in a face-to-face meeting with the coordinators and the scientific committee. According to the percentage of panellists who agreed on their findings, the results were classified in terms of unanimity, consensus, majority and discrepancy. RESULTS: The following points were agreed upon: (1) the patient's phenotype determines the use of SYSADOAs; (2) SYSADOAs are considered appropriate in primary OA (knee, hand and hip) and in some types of secondary OA; they are not considered appropriate in OA of the shoulder, spine, ankle and erosive OA of the hands; (3) SYSADOAs may be prescribed for patients at risk of or with cardiovascular disease, digestive disease, hypertension, dyslipaemia, peripheral vascular disease, type 2 diabetes and, excluding diacerein, for patients with oesophageal reflux. No agreement was obtained on the prescription of SYSADOAs for patients with hepatic and renal disease. CONCLUSIONS: There is limited literature on the use of SYSADOAs for the treatment of OA in controversial situations. Through this work it has been possible to establish the position of a group of experts regarding clinical situations for which there is no scientific evidence concerning their use. This work may contribute towards improving the management protocols of SYSADOAs in the treatment of OA and offer a useful approach in uncertain situations.

The effect of naproxen patches on relieving orthodontic pain by evaluation of VAS and IL-1β inflammatory factor: a split-mouth study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pain related to orthodontic tooth movement is common and cause dissatisfaction and discomfort. Objective: The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of naproxen patches in pain control during orthodontic tooth separation, by means of visual analogue scale (VAS) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Methods: In this split-mouth triple-blind clinical trial, with 40 patients following separation, 5% naproxen or placebo patches were randomly placed on the upper right or left first molars every 8 hours. Pain intensity scores were determined after 2 and 6 hours, sleep time, 24 hours, days 2, 3 and 7 by the patients using a 100-mm VAS ruler. IL-1β levels in GCF were evaluated by ELISA at baseline, 1 and 24 hours and 7 days. Paired samples t-tests and two-way repeated measures ANOVA analysis of variance with a significance level of 0.05 were applied. Results: A total number of 30 patients (13 males and 17 females) finished the trial. Significant differences were found in pain scores (p< 0.0001) and IL-1β levels (p= 0.047) between naproxen and placebo groups. Lower pain scores were reported for the patients using naproxen patches at all time points, except 1 hour after separation. IL-1β levels were lower for the patients using naproxen patches only 1 hour after separation (p= 0.047). The peak of pain scores and IL-1β levels were calculated at 24 hours. Conclusion: In the light of VAS scores and IL-1β levels, naproxen patches reduced the pain caused by separator placement.

RESUMO Introdução: a dor relacionada à movimentação dentária ortodôntica é comum e causa insatisfação e desconforto. Objetivo: o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de curativos de naproxeno no controle da dor durante a separação ortodôntica dos dentes, por meio de escalas visuais analógicas (EVA) e dos níveis de interleucina 1β (IL-1β) no fluido crevicular gengival (FCG). Métodos: neste ensaio clínico, triplo-cego, boca dividida, com 40 pacientes após a separação dos dentes, foram aplicados, de forma aleatória, curativos com naproxeno a 5% ou placebo, nos primeiros molares superiores, direito ou esquerdo, a cada 8 horas. Os escores de intensidade da dor foram registrados pelos pacientes após 2 e 6 horas, durante o sono, após 24 horas, 2, 3 e 7 dias, usando uma EVA de 100 mm. Os níveis de IL-1β no FCG foram avaliados pelo ELISA no momento inicial, e após 1 e 24 horas e 7 dias. Foram aplicados testes t para amostras pareadas e ANOVA de duas vias para medidas repetidas, com nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: no total, 30 pacientes (13 homens e 17 mulheres) terminaram o ensaio clínico. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas nos escores de dor (p< 0,0001) e níveis de IL-1β (p= 0,047) entre os grupos naproxeno e placebo. Índices mais baixos de dor foram relatados pelos pacientes que usaram curativos de naproxeno em todos os tempos avaliados, com exceção de 1 hora após a separação. Os níveis de IL-1β foram menores nos pacientes que usaram os curativos de naproxeno apenas 1 'hora após a separação (p= 0,047). Os picos dos escores de dor e dos níveis de IL-1β foram registrados 24 horas após a separação. Conclusão: considerando-se os escores das EVAs e os níveis de IL-1β, pode-se concluir que os curativos de naproxeno reduziram a dor causada pela instalação dos separadores ortodônticos.

Comparison of the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of dexamethasone as pre-surgical and post-surgical therapy in mandibular third molar surgery: a randomized clinical trial / Comparación de la efectividad antiinflamatoria de dexametasona como terapia prequirúrgica y postquirúrgica en la cirugía del tercer molar mandibular: ensayo clínico aleatorizado

Objective: To compare the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of dexa-methasone as pre-surgical and post-surgical therapy in mandibular third molar surgery. Materials and methods: Randomized clinical trial conducted in 60 patients in need of mandibular third molar extraction, ages ranging from 16 to 35 years old, at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital during the period of January-March, 2016. Patients were distributed in two randomized groups: Group A received 4mg dexamethasone intramuscular before the surgery, and Group B received the same medication post-surgery. Facial edema was assessed using the distance between facial points, trismus was evaluated using the interincisal distance, and pain intensity was determined using a Numerical Scale (NS). Results: Facial edema values were lower in Group A at 60 minutes (p=0.002) and after the first (p=0.001) and third days (p=0.009), compared to Group B. Regarding trismus, no significant differences between the groups were found. Regarding pain intensity, the highest point was recorded at 6 hours in both groups; however, no significant differences between the groups were found. Conclusion: Pre-surgical dexamethasone administration produced a significantly greater reduction in facial edema after mandibular third molar surgery.

Objetivo: Comparar la efectividad antiinflamatoria de dexametasona como terapia prequirúrgica y postquirúrgica en la cirugía del tercer molar mandibular. Materiales y métodos: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado que incluyó a 60 pacientes de 16 a 35 años del Servicio de Cirugía Bucal y Maxilofacial del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza con necesidad de exodoncia de tercer molar mandibular durante el periodo de enero a marzo del 2016. Se distribuyeron en dos grupos aleatoriamente: El grupo A recibió prequirúrgicamente 4 mg de dexametasona vía intramuscular y el grupo B recibió la misma medicación postquirúrgicamente. Se evaluó el edema facial, mediante la distancia entre puntos faciales, el trismus mediante la distancia interincisal y la intensidad de dolor mediante la Escala Numérica (EN). Resultados: Los valores del edema facial fueron menores en el grupo A a los 60 minutos (p=0,002), primer (p=0,001) y tercer día (p=0,009) en comparación al grupo B. Respecto al trismus, no se encontró diferencia significativa entre los grupos durante las evaluaciones realizadas. Respecto al dolor, la mayor intensidad se percibió a las 6 horas en ambos grupos; sin embargo, no se encontró diferencia significativa entre los grupos durante todas las evaluaciones realizadas. Conclusión: La administración prequirúrgica de dexametasona produjo una significativa mayor reducción del edema facial posterior a la cirugía del tercer molar mandibular.

Pericarditis - Clinical presentation and characteristics of a pediatric population. / Pericardite ­ apresentação e características numa população pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium. It may be infectious or secondary to a systemic disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical findings, course, treatment and follow-up of children diagnosed with pericarditis at our center. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all children admitted to our pediatric cardiology unit with pericarditis between 2003 and 2015. Patient characteristics were summarized using frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and medians with percentiles for continuous variables. RESULTS: Fifty patients were analyzed (40 male, 10 female) with a median age of 14 years. The most common diagnosis was acute pericarditis (80%). Thirty-five patients (70%) presented with chest pain and 26% reported fever. Cardiomegaly was identified on chest X-ray in 11 patients (22%), 30 patients (60%) had an abnormal ECG and 44 patients (80%) had alterations on the transthoracic echocardiogram. In 17 cases (34%) there was myocardial involvement. Forty-eight percent of patients presented with infectious pericarditis and the pathologic agent was identified in half of them. Postpericardiotomy syndrome was diagnosed in five cases. The first-line therapy was aspirin in 50% of cases. Pericardiocentesis was performed in 12 patients. The median length of stay was nine days. There was symptom recurrence in seven children. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, acute infectious pericarditis was the most common presentation and about one third of patients also had myocarditis. The symptom recurrence rate was not negligible and is probably related to the type of therapy employed.

Dolor al administrar medicamento por inyección intramuscular: ventroglútea vs dorsoglútea / Pain in the administration of drugs by intramuscular injection: ventrogluteal vs dorsogluteal / Dor na administração intramuscular de drogas: ventroglúteo vs dorsogluteal

ResumenIntroducción. La inyección intramuscular es una técnica que causa dolor e incomodidad a las personas. Con el objetivo de determinar la zona de punción menos dolorosa para la administración de medicamentos intramusculares en glúteo, se realizó una revisión de literatura en busca de la evidencia de mayor calidad. Método. Se empleó el método propuesto por el enfoque de la Práctica Clínica de Enfermería Basada en la Evidencia. Se recopiló estudios de EBSCOhost, Google, Google Académico, Cochrane Library y PubMed. Se aplicó los filtros propuestos para la selección: se sometió los dos artículos seleccionados a lectura crítica mediante la plataforma FLC 2.0 con la cual se valoró la calidad de los estudios. El riesgo de sesgo se valoró con The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. A través del sistema de clasificación GRADE se determinó la calidad de la evidencia y la fuerza de la recomendación de la intervención.Resultado. Los artículos incluidos en el estudio respondieron parcialmente a la pregunta clínica planteada. La percepción de dolor durante la administración de inyectables en el sitio ventroglúteo es menor que en el dorsoglúteo, los hallazgos tuvieron un nivel de evidencia moderado y la fuerza de recomendación fue 1B.Conclusión. No hay evidencia contundente para preferir la elección del sitio ventroglúteo sobre el dorsoglúteo para disminuir el dolor asociado a la administración intramuscular de analgésicos antiinflamatorios, aunque el primer sitio posee mayores ventajas en comparación con el segundo.

AbstractIntroduction. Intramuscular injection is a technique that causes pain and discomfort to people. In order to determine the least painful puncture site for the administration of intramuscular gluteal medications, a literature review was conducted in search of the highest quality evidence.Method.The method used in this research was the Evidence-Based Nursing approach. The studies were collected from EBSCOhost, Google, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and PubMed. Filters of the selection criteria were applied to the papers and then were subjected to critical appraisal using the web platform FLC 2.0 leaving 2 articles remaining. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias was applied and afterwards the GRADE approach was used to determine the quality of the evidence and strength of recommendation.Result. Papers included in the study responded partially the clinical question posed. The ventrogluteal IM injection site seems to be less painful than in the dorsogluteal site during the administration of analgesic antiinflammatory drugs, the findings had a moderate level of evidence and strength of recommendation was 1B. Conclusion. No strong evidence was found to prefer the ventrogluteal site rather than the dorsogluteal site in order to reduce pain associated with intramuscular administration of anti-inflammatory analgesics drugs. Although the first injection site has major advantages compared to the second

ResumoIntrodução: A injeção intramuscular é uma técnica que causa dor e desconforto para as pessoas. Com o objetivo de determinar o local da punção menos doloroso para a administração de medicamentos intramusculares no glúteo, realizou-se uma revisão de literatura em busca de evidência de maior qualidade.Materiais e método: Empregou-se o método proposto pelo enfoque de Prática Clínica de Enfermagem Baseada em Evidência. Realizaram-se estudos de EBSCOhost, Google, Google Acadêmico, Cochrane Library e PubMed. Aplicaram-se os filtros propostos para a seleção: foram submetidos dois artigos selecionados para a leitura crítica mediante a plataforma FLC 2.0 com a qual se estabeleceu um valor para a qualidade dos estudos. O risco de inclinação se determina com The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Através do sistema de classificação GRADE se determinou a qualidade de evidência e a necessidade da recomendação da intervenção. Resultados: Os artigos incluídos no estudo responderam parcialmente a pergunta clínica planteada. A percepção da dor durante a administração de injetáveis no local ventroglúteo é menor que no dorsoglúteo, as descobertas tiveram um nível de evidência moderado e a necessidade de recomendação foi 1B.Conclusões:Não há evidência contundente para preferir a escolha do local ventroglúteo sobre o dorsoglúteo para diminuir a dor associada a administração intramuscular de analgésicos antiinflamatórios, embora o primeiro local possua maiores vantagens em comparação com o segundo.

Efficacy of lumiracoxib versus diclofenac sodium in pain control following extraction of impacted lower third molar / Eficacia de lumiracoxib frente a diclofenaco de sodio en el control del dolor después de la extracción de un tercer molar inferior impactado

The aim of this paper was to compare the efficacy of two different anti-inflammatory agents, Diclofenac (Deltaflogin®) and Lumiracoxib (Prexige®) in the control of postoperative pain that results from surgical removal of impacted lower third molars. Twenty adult patients from the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Division of the Araraquara Dentistry School, UNESP who presented bilateral impacted lower third molars were included in the study. Removal of the impacted teeth was performed in each side in different operative moments in a split mouth design for the study. The anti-inflammatory drugs evaluated were randomly administered on the first and second surgical procedures. The pain level was recorded using an analogical visual scale at 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after surgical intervention. Both lumiracoxib 400 mg and diclofenac 100 mg are efficient for acute pain control after surgical removal of impacted lower third molars. However, lumiracoxib offered better pain control.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la eficacia de dos agentes antiinflamatorios distintos, Diclofenaco (Deltaflogin®) y Lumiracoxib (Prexige®) en el control del dolor postoperatorio resultante de la extracción quirúrgica de terceros molares inferiores impactados. Fueron incluídos, veinte pacientes adultos de la División de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial de la Escuela de Odontología de Araraquara, UNESP que presentaron terceros molares inferiores impactados. La extracción de los dientes impactados se realizó en distintos tiempos operatorios a cada lado en un diseño de estudio de boca dividida. Los antinflamatorios evaluados fueron administrados de forma aleatoria en el primer y segundo procedimento quirúrgico. El nivel de dolor se registró utilizando una escala visual análoga a las 6, 24, 48 y 72 horas después de la intervención. Ambos; lumiracoxib 400 mg y diclofenaco 100 mg son eficientes para el control del dolor agudo, después de la extracción quirúrgica de terceros molares inferiores impactados. Sin embargo, lumiracoxib ofreció mejor control del dolor.

[Pharmaceutical intervention to reduce the iatrogenic risk associated with the triple whammy combination]. / Intervención farmacéutica para reducir el riesgo de iatrogenia asociada a la combinación triple whammy.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of an intervention to reduce the iatrogenic risk associated with concomitant treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and/or angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARB) with diuretics and nonsteroidal anti-inflamatory drugs (NSAID), combination known as triple whammy (TW). DESIGN: Uncontrolled before-after intervention study. LOCATION: 15 health centers from a health area (reference population of 292.746 habitants). PARTICIPANTS: 260 patients ≥18 years old with chronic and concomitant prescriptions of drugs from the therapeutic groups (ATC code): diuretics (C03), ACEi/ARBs (C09) and NSAID (M01) during the month of January 2015 INTERVENTIONS: A double intervention was conducted during February and March 2015: an educational part, which consisted of an informative session, and an individualized part, in which recommendations to general practitioner were assessed after reviewing medical records. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The number of patients in whom at least one intervention was accepted and the number of patients who continued on TW combination in June 2015, were analyzed. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the prevalence of TW was compared with the one in June 2015 using the Newcombe-Wilson's hybrid method. RESULTS: 260 patients were included in the study. Recommendations were made in 165 patients (63.5%) and at least one was accepted in 97 (58.8%) patients. In June 2015, 184 patients continued with the TW combination. The TW prevalence decreased by 0.19/1,000 patients (IC 95%: 0.04/1,000 to 0.34/1,000; P=0.017) after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention improved the prescription and reduced the number of patients on TW combination.

Experimental evidence of pharmacological management of anchorage in Orthodontics: A systematic review

Introduction: Orthodontic anchorage is one of the most challenging aspects of Orthodontics. Preventing undesired movement of teeth could result in safer and less complicated orthodontic treatment. Recently, several reviews have been published about the effects of different molecules on bone physiology and the clinical side effects in Orthodontics. However, the effects of local application of these substances on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement have not been assessed.Objectives: The aim of this research was to analyze the scientific evidence published in the literature about the effects of different molecules on orthodontic anchorage.Methods: The literature was systematically reviewed using PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Cochrane databases from 2000 up to July 31st, 2014. Articles were independently selected by two different researchers based on previously established inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a concordance Kappa index of 0.86. The methodological quality of the reviewed papers was performed.Results: Search strategy identified 270 articles. Twenty-five of them were selected after application of inclusion/exclusion criteria, and only 11 qualified for final analysis. Molecules involved in orthodontic anchorage were divided into three main groups: osteoprotegerin (OPG), bisphosphonates (BPs) and other molecules (OMs).Conclusions: Different drugs are able to alter the bone remodeling cycle, influencing osteoclast function and, therefore, tooth movement. Thus, they could be used in order to provide maximal anchorage while preventing undesired movements. OPG was found the most effective molecule in blocking the action of osteoclasts, thereby reducing undesired movements.

Introdução: a ancoragem ortodôntica é um dos aspectos mais desafiadores da Ortodontia. A prevenção de movimentos dentários indesejados poderia resultar em um tratamento ortodôntico mais seguro e menos complexo. Recentemente, foram publicadas várias revisões de literatura sobre os efeitos de diferentes substâncias na fisiologia do tecido ósseo e os efeitos colaterais clínicos na Ortodontia. Porém, os efeitos da aplicação local dessas substâncias no grau de movimentação dentária ortodôntica não foram avaliados.Objetivos: o objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar a evidência científica publicada na literatura sobre os efeitos de diferentes substâncias na ancoragem ortodôntica.Métodos: a literatura foi sistematicamente revisada utilizando-se as bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Scopus e Cochrane, de 2000 a 31 de julho de 2014. Os artigos foram selecionados, de maneira independente, por dois pesquisadores diferentes, tendo como base critérios de inclusão e exclusão previamente estabelecidos, com um índice Kappa de concordância de 0,86. A qualidade metodológica dos artigos revisados foi analisada.Resultados: a estratégia de pesquisa identificou 270 artigos; 25 artigos foram selecionados após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, mas apenas 11 foram qualificados para a análise final. As substâncias envolvidas na ancoragem ortodôntica foram divididas em três grupos principais: osteoprotegerina (OPG), bisfosfonatos (BFs) e outras substâncias (OSs).Conclusões: diferentes substâncias são capazes de alterar o ciclo de remodelação óssea, influenciando na função dos osteoclastos e, portanto, na movimentação dentária. Sendo assim, essas substâncias podem ser utilizadas para promover o máximo de ancoragem e prevenir movimentos indesejados. A OPG foi a substância mais eficaz no bloqueio da ação dos osteoclastos, reduzindo os movimentos indesejados.

Acute kidney injury secondary to a combination of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, diuretics and NSAIDS: "The Triple Whammy".

BACKGROUND: Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (ACEI/ARB-II), diuretics and NSAIDs, a combination known as "Triple Whammy", can result in decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and acute kidney injury (AKI). Objectives: To describe the incidence of AKI for each drug type and their combinations. To define the profile of patients admitted for drug-related AKI secondary to Triple Whammy drugs (AKITW), with an assessment of costs and mortality. METHODS: A retrospective observational 15-month study developed in three stages: - First: a cross-sectional stage to identify and describe hospitalizations due to AKITW. - Second: a follow-up stage of an outpatient cohort consuming these drugs (15,307 subjects). - Third: a cohort stage to assess costs and mortality, which compared 62 hospitalized patients with AKITW and 62 without AKI, paired by medical specialty, sex, age and comorbidity according to their Clinical Risk Groups. RESULTS: There were 85 hospitalization episodes due to AKITW, and 78% of patients were over the age of 70. The incidence of AKITW in the population was 3.40 cases/1000 users/year (95% CI: 2.59-4.45). By categories, these were: NSAIDs + diuretics 8.99 (95% CI: 3.16-25.3); Triple Whammy 8.82 (95% CI: 4.4-17.3); ACEI/ARB-II + diuretics 6.87 (95% CI: 4.81-9.82); and monotherapy with diuretics 3.31 (95% CI: 1.39-7.85). Mean hospital stay was 7.6 days (SD 6.4), and mean avoidable costs were estimated at €214,604/100,000 inhabitants/year. Mortality during hospitalization and at 12 months was 11.3% and 38.7% respectively, and there were no significant differences when compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with ACEI, ARB-II, diuretics and/or NSAIDs shows a high incidence of hospitalization episodes due to AKI; diuretics as monotherapy or dual and triple combination therapy cause the highest incidence. AKITW involves high health care costs and avoidable mortality.

Control del dolrr postquirúrgico en pacientes de un hospital de tercer nivel / Conrol of postopperative pain in patients in a tertiary hospital / Conrole da dor ppós-cirúrgica em pacientes de um hospital de terceiro níeel

Introducción: el manejo del dolor debe ser adaptado y optimizado de acuerdo con las condiciones de cada hospital, tipo de cirugía y paciente. Objetivos: ealuar la percepción del dolor de los pacientes intervenidos en el postoperatorio del Hospital Universitario San Jorge de Pereira. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte, prospectivo en pacientes mayores de 18 años entre 2 de septiembre y 28 de octubre de 2011. La valoración de intensidad del dolor postoperatorio se realizó mediante Escala Visual Analógica a las 24 horas del postquirúrgico. Se consideraron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas (tipo de cirugía, anestesia, riesgo) y farmacológicas (medicamentos empleados, dosis, intervalos dosificación). El análisis se hizo con SPSS 20.0 para Windows. Resultados: Se evaluaron 153 pacientes en postoperatorio, 80 (52,3%) mujeres y 73 (47,7%) hombres, con edad promedio de 47,6 ± 20,2 años. El 38,8% de los pacientes no tenía controlado el dolor. Las variables de cirugía ortopédica, el empleo de anestesia general por vía intravenosa, y el incumplimiento de los intervalos recomendados de dosificación de los analgésicos, se asociaron de manera estadísticamente significativa con la falta de control. Discusión: El control del dolor fue inadecuado haciendo evidente la necesidad de replantear su manejo ajustado a guías de práctica clínica, formalizando el uso de medicamentos, en dosis e intervalos adecuados que garanticen una analgesia efectiva.

Introduction: Pain management should be adapted and optimized according to the conditions of each hospital, type of surgery and patient. Objectives: To evaluate the perception of pain in postoperative patients at Hospital Universitario San Jorge of Pereira. Materials and methods: A descriptive observational study in patients older than 18 years, between September 2nd to October 28, 2011. The assessment of postoperative pain intensity was performed by visual analogue scale 24 hours after surgery. We considered socio-demographic, clinical (type of surgery, anesthesia, risk) and pharmacological variables (drugs used, dosage, dosage intervals). The analysis was done with SPSS 20.0 for Windows. Results: We evaluated 153 patients in the postoperative period, 80 (52.3%) women and 73 (47.7%) males, mean age 47.6 ± 20.2 years. 38.8% of patients did not obtain pain control. The variables of orthopedic surgery, the use of intravenous general anesthesia, and suboptimal dosage was statistically significantly associated with lack of control. Conclusions: Pain control was inadequate thus showing the need to redefine its management by following clinical practice guidelines, through the use of analgesics in doses and appropriate intervals.

Introdução: o manejo da dor deve ser adaptado e otimizado de acordo com as condições de cada hospital, tipo de cirurgia e paciente. Objetivos: avaliar a percepção da dor dos pacientes intervindos no pós operatório do Hospital Universitário San Jorge de Pereira. Materiais e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo de corte, prospectivo em pacientes maiores de 18 anos entre 2 de setembro e 28 de outubro de 2011. A valoração de intensidade da dor pós-operatória se realizou mediante Escala Visual Analógica às 24 horas do pós-cirúrgico. Consideraram-se variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas (tipo de cirurgia, anestesia, risco) e farmacológicas (medicamentos empregados, doses, intervalos, dosagem). A análise se fez com SPSS 20.0 para Windows. Resultados: Se avaliaram 153 pacientes em pós-operatório, 80 (52,3%) mulheres e 73 (47,7%) homens, com idade média de 47,6 ± 20,2 anos. O 38,8% dos pacientes não tinha controlada a dor. As variáveis de cirurgia ortopédica, o emprego de anestesia geral por via intravenosa, e o descumprimento dos intervalos recomendados de dosagem dos analgésicos, se associaram de maneira estatisticamente significativa com a falta de controle. Discussão: O controle da dor foi inadequado fazendo evidente a necessidade de repensar o seu manejo ajustado a guias de prática clínica, formalizando o uso de medicamentos, em doses e intervalos adequados que garantam uma analgesia efetiva.

Condición de venta de analgésicos antiinflamatorios no esteroides, legalmente autorizados para su comercialización en Colombia. Estrategias de uso racional / Condition of sale of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs authorized for marketing in Colombia. Strategy of rational use

La condición de comercialización (venta libre, con fórmula médica, bajo control especial o para uso hospitalario exclusivamente) determina las circunstancias en las cuales puede ser publicitado y comercializado un medicamento. La venta libre no involucra una consulta al equipo de salud, quienes no participan de la selección del medicamento, su dispensación ni seguimiento fármaco-terapéutico. El presente trabajo, mediante un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal desarrollado partiendo del universo de registros sanitarios de medicamentos en Colombia, identifica y describe las variaciones en la condición de venta de analgésicos antiinflamatorios no esteroides. Para este grupo farmacológico, de gran consumo en el país, predominan la modalidad de registro "fabricar y vender", las formas farmacéuticas sólidas no estériles, la condición de venta con fórmula médica y la vía de administración enteral; asimismo, predomina como principio activo el diclofenaco, seguido de ibuprofeno y piroxicam. Ocho de los principios activos de este grupo farmacológico poseen doble condición de venta (venta sin prescripción facultativa o libre y venta con fórmula médica) y alcanzan el 70% de las autorizaciones de comercialización de aines en Colombia. Se evidencia una relación entre la cantidad principio activo por unidad posológica y la condición de venta autorizada, relación que no es evidente con respecto a la indicación.

The commercialization status (otc, under medical prescription, under special monitoring or for hospital use only) sets out the circumstances under which it may be publicized and marketed a drug. The otc does not involve consulting the health team, who do not participate in the selection of the drug, its dispensing or therapeutic monitoring. Present work through an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study from the universe of Colombian drug approvals, identify and describe the variations in the condition of sale of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. For this pharmacological group, widely consumed in the country, dominated the modality "make and sell", the non-sterile solid dosage forms, the condition of sale under prescription and the enteric route of administration, likewise predominate as active substance diclofenac, followed by ibuprofen and piroxicam. Eight of the active ingredients of this pharmacological group have double condition of sale (otc and under medical prescription) achieving 70% of marketing authorization for nsaids in Colombia. It is evidenced a relationship between the amount of active substance per dosage unit and the commercialization status, a relationship that is not evident with respect to the indication.

Dendrimers as anti-inflammatory agents

Dendrimers constitute an intriguing class of macromolecules which find applications in a variety of areas including biology. These hyperbranched macromolecules with tailored backbone and surface groups have been extensively investigated as nanocarriers for gene and drug delivery, by molecular encapsulation or covalent conjugation. Dendrimers have provided an excellent platform to develop multivalent and multifunctional nanoconjugates incorporating a variety of functional groups including drugs which are known to be anti-inflammatory agents. Recently, dendrimers have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties themselves. This unexpected and intriguing discovery has provided an additional impetus in designing novel active pharmaceutical agents. In this review, we highlight some of the recent developments in the field of dendrimers as nanoscale anti-inflammatory agents.

Dendrímeros constituem uma classe intrigante de macromoléculas que apresentam aplicações em diversas áreas incluindo biologia. Essas macromoléculas extremamente ramificadas com esqueleto planejado e grupos de superfície foram extensivamente investigadas como nanotransportadores de genes e de fármacos, por encapsulamento molecular ou conjugação covalente. Dendrímeros têm proporcionado uma plataforma excelente de desenvolvimento nanoconjugados multivalentes e multifuncionais incorporando uma variedade de grupos funcionais, incluindo fármacos que são conhecidos por atuarem agentes antiinflamatórios. Recentemente, os dendrímeros mostraram propriedades antiinflamatórias. Esta inesperada e intrigante descoberta tem proporcionado um impulso adicional no planejamento de novos agente farmacêuticos ativos. Nesta revisão, nós destacamos alguns dos desenvolvimentos recentes no campo dos dendrímeros como agentes antiinflamatórios em nanoescala.

The use of lasers in restorative dentistry: truths and myths / O uso de laseres na odontologia restauradora: verdades e mitos

Researchers have been investigating the clinical applications of lasers in dentistry, which can be operated in high and low intensity. The high intensity lasers work with increasing temperature for ablation, vaporization, cutting and coagulating of the tissue while the low level lasers therapy are used in the photophysical, photobiological and photochemical effects on the cells of the irradiated tissues. This review approaches the use of lasers of high and low intensity focused in restorative dentistry. The indications for high power lasers are for dental erosion treatment, in the reconstitution of the canine guides, in the final removal of carious tissue, for dentin hypersensitivity, for microbial reduction, in the conditioning of enamel and dentin for adhesive systems and for caries prevention in pits and fissures. The low power laser can be used after cavity preparation in order to reduce post-operative sensitivity, in aesthetic procedures for maintaining periodontal health and also in the photodynamic therapy, which provides microbial reduction, combining a photosensitizing agent to a light source

Pesquisadores têm investigado as aplicações clínicas dos laseres na odontologia, que podem ser operados em alta e baixa intensidade. Os laseres de alta intensidade têm ação com o aumento da temperatura propiciando a ablação, a vaporização, o corte e a coagulação dos tecidos enquanto que a fototerapia com laser em baixa intensidade é utilizada para se obter efeitos fotofísicos, fotobiológicos e fotoquímicos sobre as células dos tecidos irradiados. Esta revisão aborda o uso de laseres em alta e baixa intensidade, focado na odontologia restauradora. As indicações para os laseres de alta potência incluem o tratamento da erosão dentária, a reconstituição dos guias caninos, a remoção final de tecido cariado, a redução microbiana, o condicionamento do esmalte e dentina para uso dos sistemas adesivos e a prevenção de cárie em sulcos e fissuras. Os laseres em baixa potência podem ser utilizados após o preparo da cavidade, a fim de reduzir a sensibilidade pós-operatória, em procedimentos estéticos para a manutenção da saúde periodontal e também na terapia fotodinâmica, que proporciona uma redução microbiana, combinando um agente de fotossensibilização a uma fonte de luz

Desensibilización con aspirina en un paciente con intolerancia a antiinflamatorios no esteroides / Aspirin desensitization in a patient who exhibit intolerance to non-steroidal anti-inflammatories

El ácido acetilsalicílico o aspirina es uno de los medicamentos más utilizados a nivel mundial. Los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria requieren tratamientos prolongados con este medicamento, el cual se les niega a aquellos con historias de reacciones adversas a este. Se recoge en la literatura internacional el uso de terapias de desensibilización en pacientes con intolerancia a los antiinflamatorios no esteroides con diferentes protocolos, con resultados satisfactorios. En este trabajo se describe la primera desensibilización con aspirina realizada a un paciente en el Hospital Universitario Calixto García y el protocolo de actuación utilizado. No se encontró otro caso en la bibliografía nacional. El paciente actualmente ingiere 125 mg diarios sin reacciones adversas. Se considera que la desensibilización con aspirina es una opción terapéutica efectiva en aquellos pacientes con intolerancia a esta y con una afección que justifique este proceder

Aspirine is one of the most widely used drugs worldwide. The patients suffering from heart diseases require long-term treatment with this drug, which is banned to those having adverse reactions. The international literature collects information on the use of desensitization therapies in patients who do not exhibit tolerance to this medicine, following different protocols with satisfactory results. This paper described the first aspirin desensitization procedure, which was performed at Calixto García university hospital, and the performance protocol. There was not any other case of this type reported in the national literature. The patient can presently take 125 mg of aspirin daily without suffering adverse events. It was considered that the desensitization process is an effective therapeutic action for patients who are aspirin sensitive and who have specific diseases that warrant this procedure