Diplejía facial en paciente con nefropatía por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana

Introducción: El síndrome de Guillain-Barré comprende un grupo heterogéneo de polirradiculoneuropatías inflamatorias agudas autoinmunes, las cuales se caracterizan por debilidad simétrica de extremidades con pérdida de reflejos miotáticos. Presenta gran variabilidad clínica, donde la afectación facial es habitual, sin embargo, incluye manifestaciones atípicas que dificultan el diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de un caso atípico de diplejía facial en un paciente con nefropatía por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Caso clínico: Se presentó el caso de un paciente portador de nefropatía por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, que comenzó con parálisis facial bilateral, como forma de presentación atípica de este síndrome. Acudió a los servicios de salud refiriendo decaimiento marcado, náuseas, vómitos, hipo y dos deposiciones líquidas. Se realizaron estudios que corroboran el diagnóstico. El tratamiento empleado facilitó la recuperación paulatina de la afección. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico precoz de las variantes atípicas de presentación del síndrome, permite un tratamiento oportuno, donde las posibilidades de complicaciones en el paciente son reducidas, así como la mortalidad asociada a la enfermedad.

Introduction: Guillain-Barré Syndrome comprises a heterogeneous group of autoimmune acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathies, which are characterized by symmetrical limb weakness with loss of stretch reflexes. It presents great clinical variability, where facial involvement is common; however, it includes atypical manifestations that make early diagnosis of the disease difficult. Objective: To describe the behavior of an atypical case of facial displejía in a patient with nephropathy due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Case report: A case of a patient with HIV nephropathy is presented, which begins with bilateral facial paralysis, as an atypical presentation of this syndrome. The patient went to the health services reporting marked weakness, nausea, vomiting, hiccups and two liquid stools. Studies were performed that corroborate the diagnosis. The treatment used facilitated the gradual recovery of the condition. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of the atypical presentation variants of the syndrome allows timely treatment, where the chances of complications in the patient are reduced, as well as the mortality associated with the disease.

HIV-related nephropathy: new aspects of an old paradigm

SUMMARY The scenario of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been undergoing changes in recent years, both in relation to the understanding of HIV infection and regarding the treatments available. As a result, the disease, which before was associated with high morbidity and mortality, is now seen as a chronic disease that can be controlled, regarding both transmission and symptoms. However, even when the virus replication is well controlled, the infected patient remains at high risk of developing renal involvement, either by acute kidney injury not associated with HIV, nephrotoxicity due to antiretroviral drugs, chronic diseases associated with increased survival, or glomerular disease associated to HIV. This review will cover the main aspects of kidney failure associated with HIV.

RESUMO O panorama da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) vem sofrendo alterações nos últimos anos, tanto em relação ao entendimento da infecção pelo HIV quanto aos tratamentos disponíveis. Como resultado, a doença, que antes estava associada a alta morbimortalidade, é agora considerada uma doença crônica que pode ser controlada, tanto em relação à transmissão quanto aos sintomas. No entanto, mesmo quando a replicação viral é bem controlada, o paciente infectado tem um alto risco de desenvolver complicações renais, seja através de lesão renal aguda não relacionada ao HIV, por nefrotoxicidade causada por drogas antirretrovirais, por doenças crônicas associadas com o aumento da sobrevida ou por doença glomerular associada ao HIV. Esta revisão abordará os principais aspectos da insuficiência renal associada ao HIV.

APOL1 risk variants and kidney disease: what we know so far / Variantes de risco APOL1 e doença renal: o que sabemos até agora

ABSTRACT There are striking differences in chronic kidney disease between Caucasians and African descendants. It was widely accepted that this occurred due to socioeconomic factors, but recent studies show that apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1) gene variants are strongly associated with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, HIV-associated nephropathy, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, and lupus nephritis in the African American population. These variants made their way to South America trough intercontinental slave traffic and conferred an evolutionary advantage to the carries by protecting against forms of trypanosomiasis, but at the expense of an increased risk of kidney disease. The effect of the variants does not seem to be related to their serum concentration, but rather to local action on the podocytes. Risk variants are also important in renal transplantation, since grafts from donors with risk variants present worse survival.

RESUMO Existem importantes diferenças na doença renal crônica entre caucasianos e afrodescendentes. Foi amplamente aceito que isso ocorreu devido a fatores socioeconômicos, mas estudos recentes mostraram que as variantes gênicas da apolipoproteína L-1 (APOL1) estão fortemente associadas à glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal, nefropatia associada ao HIV, nefroesclerose hipertensiva e nefrite lúpica na população afrodescendente. Essas variantes chegaram à América do Sul através do tráfico intercontinental de escravos, e proporcionaram uma vantagem evolutiva aos portadores, protegendo contra formas de tripanossomíase, mas à custa de um maior risco de doença renal. O efeito das variantes não parece estar relacionado à sua concentração sérica, mas sim à sua ação local sobre os podócitos. Variantes de risco também são importantes no transplante renal, já que enxertos de doadores com variantes de risco apresentam pior sobrevida.

Chronic kidney disease in Australian Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected patients: Analysis of the Australian HIV Observational Database.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to examine data from the Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD), and firstly, to describe the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the rate of loss of renal function in HIV-infected individuals living in Australia, and then to examine the risk factors contributing to CKD in this population. METHODS: AHOD patients over 18 years of age were eligible if they had at least two serum creatinine measurements from 1 April 2008 until 31 March 2016 and an initial estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) greater than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m3 . Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess risk factors for CKD, which included key patient demographic data and antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposure. RESULTS: Of 1924 patients included in the analysis between April 2008 and March 2016, 81 (4.2%) developed CKD (confirmed eGFR of less than 60 mL/min per 1.73 m3 through two consecutive eGFR measurements at least 3 months apart). Of the examined risk factors, baseline age, baseline eGFR, and the route of HIV acquisition were statistically significant predictors of development of CKD. ART exposure, viral hepatitis co-infection, high viral load and low CD4 lymphocyte count were not found to be significant risk factors for CKD. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate the risk factors for development of CKD among Australian HIV-infected patients using cohort data. It highlights the need for awareness of renal risk factors, particularly among older patients or in those with pre-existing renal dysfunction. Further research is required to explore the discrepancy between patients who have acquired HIV through different means of exposure.

Diagnóstico de infección por VIH por el hallazgo incidental de alteraciones ultraestructurales en una biopsia renal: Report of one case / Ultrastructural alterations in renal biopsy leading to the diagnosis of HIV infection

HIV infection has different clinical presentations. We report a 21-year-old male with longstanding isolated microscopic hematuria attributed to thin glomerular basement membrane disease, who after 15 years of follow-up presented with significant proteinuria. A kidney biopsy was performed, revealing the presence of tubulo-reticular inclusions in the glomerular endothelial cells. This finding led to suspect an HIV infection, which was verified. Antiretroviral therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor blockers were prescribed. At 6 years of diagnosis the patient is asymptomatic and has normal kidney function. Microscopic hematuria and low level proteinuria persists.

Association of APOL1 Genotype with Renal Histology among Black HIV-Positive Patients Undergoing Kidney Biopsy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prior studies have shown that the APOL1 risk alleles are associated with a greater risk of HIV-associated nephropathy and FSGS among blacks who are HIV positive. We sought to determine whether the APOL1 high-risk genotype incrementally improved the prediction of these underlying lesions beyond conventional clinical factors. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: In a cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from 203 blacks who are HIV positive, underwent kidney biopsies between 1996 and 2011, and were genotyped for the APOL1 G1 and G2 alleles. Predictive logistic regression models with conventional clinical factors were compared with those that also included APOL1 genotype using receiver-operating curves and bootstrapping analyses with crossvalidation. RESULTS: The addition of APOL1 genotype to HIV-related risk factors for kidney disease in a predictive model improved the prediction of non-HIV-associated nephropathy FSGS, specifically, increasing the c statistic from 0.65 to 0.74 (P=0.04). Although two risk alleles were significantly associated with higher odds of HIV-associated nephropathy, APOL1 genotype did not add incrementally to the prediction of this specific histopathology. CONCLUSIONS: APOL1 genotype may provide additional diagnostic information to traditional clinical variables in predicting underlying FSGS spectrum lesions in blacks who are HIV positive. In contrast, although APOL1 risk genotype predicts HIV-associated nephropathy, it lacked a high c statistic sufficient for discrimination to eliminate the role of kidney biopsy in the clinical care of blacks who are HIV positive with nephrotic proteinuria or unexplained kidney disease.

Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in newly diagnosed patients with Human immunodeficiency virus in Ilorin, Nigeria / A prevalência de doença renal crônica em pacientes recentemente diagnosticados com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana em llorin, Nigéria

Abstract Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the causative agent of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an important cause of renal diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. There is paucity of studies on the burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among patients with HIV/AIDS in the North-Central zone of Nigeria. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 227 newly-diagnosed, antiretroviral naïve patients with HIV/AIDS seen at the HIV clinic of the Medical Out-patient Department (MOPD) of University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH). They were matched with 108 control group. Laboratory investigations were performed for the participants. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) > 30 mg/g. Results: There were 100 (44%) males among the patients and 47 (43.5%) among the control group. The mean ages of the patients and controls were 40.3 ± 10.3 years and 41.8 ± 9.5 years respectively. CKD was observed in 108 (47.6%) among the patients and 18 (16.7%) of the controls (p = 0.01). The median CD4 T-cell count was significantly lower in patients with CKD. Ninety-three (41.0%) of the patients had dipstick proteinuria of > 2 +. The median albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) was significantly higher among the HIV-positive patients (272.3 mg/g) compared with the HIV-negative controls (27.22 mg/g) p = 0.01. The CD4 T-cell count correlates positively with eGFR (r = 0.463, p = 0.001) and negatively with ACR (r = -0.806, p = 0.001). Conclusions: CKD is very common among patients with HIV/AIDS in Ilorin. Screening and early intervention for CKD should be part of the protocols in the management of these patients. .

Resumo Introdução: o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), o agente causador da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS), é uma importante causa de doenças renais na África subsaariana. Há escassez de estudos sobre o impacto da doença renal crônica (DRC) em pacientes com HIV/AIDS na zona centronorte da Nigéria. Métodos: Este é um estudo transversal com 227 pacientes recém-diagnosticados com HIV/AIDS, não tratados com agentes antirretrovirais, atendidos no ambulatório de HIV do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de Ilorin (UITH). Eles foram pareados com 108 indivíduos do grupo controle. Os pacientes foram submetidos a investigações laboratoriais. A DRC foi definida como taxa estimada de filtração glomerular (eTFG) ≤ 60 ml/min/1,73m2 e/ou a relação entre albumina e creatinina (RAC) ≥ 30 mg/g Resultados: Houve 100 (44%) pacientes do sexo masculino entre os pacientes e 47 (43,5%) entre os indivíduos do grupo controle. As médias de idade dos pacientes e controles foram de 40,3 ± 10,3 anos e 41,8 ± 9,5 anos, respectivamente. A DRC foi observada em 108 indivíduos (47,6%) entre os pacientes e em 18 (16,7%) dos controles (p = 0,01). A contagem mediana de linfócitos T CD4 foi significativamente menor nos pacientes com DRC. Noventa e três (41,0%) dos pacientes tiveram proteinúria ≥ 2 + no exame de dipstick (tiras reagentes). A mediana da relação entre creatinina e albumina (RAC) foi significativamente maior entre os indivíduos HIV-positivos (272,3 mg/g), em comparação com os controles HIV negativos (27,22 mg/g) p = 0,01. A contagem de linfócitos T CD4 correlacionou-se positivamente com a eTFG (r = 0,463, p = 0,001) e negativamente com o RAC (r = -0,806, p = 0,001). Conclusões: DRC é muito comum entre os pacientes com HIV/AIDS em Ilorin. Triagem e intervenção precoce para DRC devem fazer parte dos protocolos de tratamento desses pacientes. .