Assessment of burnout syndrome and associated factors among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Overwhelming requirements, a high degree of work, and prolonged exposure to emotionally demanding circumstances in work and life settings can lead to burnout syndrome. The purpose of the study is to assess burnout syndrome and its associated factors among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional, prospective, descriptive study was conducted in a Mexican medical school during the last week of the spring semester of 2021 using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) and an associated factors survey. Results: Based on the MBI-SS definition, most students (54.2%, n = 332) had burnout symptoms and high emotional exhaustion (79.6%, n = 448), high cynicism (57.3%, n = 351), and low academic effectiveness (36.4%, n = 223). After adjusting the associated factors, a significant correlation between the school year and the presence of burnout was identified (OR 1.127, 95% CI [1.023-1.241], p<0.05). Regarding the current pandemic, the death of a family member by COVID-19 also put students at risk of developing burnout (OR 1.598*, 95% CI [1.080-2.363, p<0.05]). Limitations: The main limitation of this study was the lack of a control group (before the pandemic); therefore, the high prevalence of burnout can only be hypothesized due to the pandemic but cannot be objectively evidenced. A prospective study after the pandemic is needed to resolve this question. Conclusion: The coronavirus pandemic represents a challenge to the academic and psychological stability of students. It essential to continue assessing burnout levels in medical students and the general population to treat them in time and improve mental health.

Burnout in oral health students: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Student burnout can be defined as the negative reactions that occur because of prolonged academic stress, which can result in emotional exhaustion/exhaustion (EE/EX), depersonalization/cynicism, and diminished personal accomplishment/reduced academic efficacy (DPA/RAE). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this scoping review is to determine if burnout is prevalent in oral health students (OHS); identify the factors that are shown to be predicators of burnout in OHS; determine the preventive and coping strategies OHS used to mitigate the effects of burnout; and identify gaps in the literature on burnout in OHS. METHODS: A systematic search was completed using the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, EBSCO, and ERIC. The returns were screened by all members of the team using inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the studies that met the criteria were appraised. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Eighteen studies assessed burnout in OHS, 15 studied dental students, 2 studied dental hygiene students, and 1 studied both. Findings concerning the prevalence of burnout varied greatly across the literature with anywhere between 7% and 70.4% of OHS reporting suffering from burnout syndrome. The most prevalent scale of burnout in OHS was EE/EX with 10%-66.2% of OHS reporting high levels. Stressors for OHS were years of study, clinical components, and demanding academic courses. Early identification and interventions are keys to prevent the negative consequences of burnout. CONCLUSION: Burnout in OHS can affect their mental health, empathy toward patients, and professional conduct. Therefore, educating students and faculty on the signs and symptoms of burnout is key in preventing detrimental effects that may inhibit their academic success.

Using Digital Concept Maps in Conflict Resolution Studies: Implications for Students' Argumentative Skills, Domain-Specific Knowledge, and Academic Efficacy.

While argumentation emerges as one of the major learning skills in the twenty-first century, a somewhat opaque landscape is revealed in terms of identifying its potential in enhancing higher-education students' domain-specific knowledge. In this study, argumentation-for-learning activity with digital concept mapping (CM) was designed and compared with a traditional teacher-centered activity to determine the former's effectiveness in promoting students' domain-specific factual, conceptual, and procedural knowledge. This study also examines how the proposed activity may contribute to students' academic efficacy and thus promote meaningful learning. A quasi-experimental design was employed by using convenience samples. Two identical courses were selected for this research: the first course with a total of 59 students (the research group), and the second course including a total of 63 students (the control group). Both groups' domain-specific knowledge was assessed before and after the activity. The designed activity was found to be less effective in fostering factual knowledge and more effective in developing the conceptual and procedural knowledge domains. Another finding demonstrated the benefits of argumentation for learning with CM in facilitating students' academic efficacy. It can be concluded that engaging students in a deep argumentation learning process may in turn deepen predominantly conceptual and procedural domain-specific knowledge. Limitations and implications are discussed.

The relationship between medical students' empathy and burnout levels by gender and study years.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the multifaceted factors affecting empathy in medical students. METHODS: 1293 medical students from 15 South Korean medical schools participated in an online survey. Affective empathy was measured with the 'empathy concern' and 'personal distress' dimensions from the Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Medical Students (IRI-MS). Cognitive empathy was assessed with IRI-MS' 'perspective taking' and Jefferson Scales for Physician Empathy for Student (JSPE-S). Maslach Burnout Inventory for Medical Students (MBI-MS) assessed the burnout levels of the participants. RESULTS: A significant gender difference in affective and cognitive empathy was found using JSPE-S. Different patterns were seen in the empathy dimensions between the study years and genders. Burnout scores showed no gender differences, while exhaustion and cynicism increased, and academic efficacy decreased with seniority. Academic efficacy was a consistently influential factor for both affective and cognitive empathy in both genders, all study years and the three domains of burnout. CONCLUSION: Academic efficacy was a significant factor influencing both affective and cognitive empathy. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The comprehensive nature of empathy in medical students may be better investigated by applying multi-dimensional empathy measurement tools and by analyzing multiple factors such as gender, study year and burnout.

Emotional intelligence, resilience and personality traits neuroticism and extraversion: predictive capacity in perceived academic efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown the importance of promoting emotional intelligence and resilience, as well as knowing the personality (extraversion versus emotional instability or neuroticism) in both nursing students and nursing professionals, for better academic adherence, due to stressful situations derived from high academic and attendance requirements for healthcare practices in clinical settings. However, there is little research that analyzes the importance of the perceived academic effectiveness of university students and its relationship with the psychological variables of resilience, emotional intelligence and personality. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the relationships between perceived academic efficacy, emotional intelligence (EI), resilience and the personality factors of emotional instability and extraversion, as well as to observe the variables that predict perceived academic efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study on a sample of 434 nursing students in Valencia (Spain) aged 17-54 (M = 21; SD = 0.320). They filled in standard tests on perceived academic efficacy, EI, resilience, emotional instability and extraversion. RESULTS: Perceived academic efficacy is closely and positively related to EI and resilience; and to a lesser extent to emotional instability, but negatively. The academic efficacy predictor variables were EI (global trait, well-being and sociability), resilience (social support and emotional regulation) and emotional instability (R2 of 0.201). CONCLUSIONS: Perceived academic efficacy is fundamentally related to EI and resilience positively, and to a lesser extent to emotional instability negatively, fundamentally via these factors: global trait, social support, well-being, problem-solving capacity. Nursing students' perception of academic efficacy is relevant for building professional skills and carrying out the nurse's role in organisations. So, it is necessary to promote training programs to increase the emotional intelligence and resilience of nursing students, aimed at promoting competence in professional practice.

Estilos de aprendizaje en Fonoaudiología y Terapia Ocupacional en la Universidad de Antofagasta, Chile / Learning Styles in Phonoaudiology and Occupational Therapy at University of Antofagasta, Chile

Introducción: Este artículo caracterizó los estilos de aprendizaje de 141 estudiantes de las carreras de Terapia Ocupacional y Fonoaudiología de la Universidad de Antofagasta, para generar información no disponible que aporta al modelo pedagógico de la institución y al mejoramiento del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. Objetivo: Generar información no disponible que aportan los estilos de aprendizaje al modelo pedagógico de la institución y al mejoramiento del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. Métodos: Mediante el Cuestionario de estilos de aprendizaje de Honey-Alonso y para describir los resultados obtenidos, se consideró el baremo general de preferencia en estilos de aprendizaje de Alonso y colaboradores (1994) y las puntuaciones de los estudiantes según el nivel académico o el curso. Resultados: Los Estilos de Aprendizaje de los estudiantes de ambas carreras demostraron un comportamiento variado. A saber, en la carrera de Fonoaudiología los estudiantes de 2do, 3ro y 5to años tuvieron estilos de aprendizaje preferentemente reflexivos; solo en 1er año se observó una tendencia hacia el estilo teórico, con preferencias moderadas. En la carrera de Terapia Ocupacional, los estudiantes de 1er y 3er años demostraron estilos de aprendizaje preferentemente teóricos con una inflexión en 2do año hacia el estilo pragmático, todos con preferencias altas. Conclusiones: Los estilos de aprendizaje estudiados son distintos en ambas carreras y están influenciados por factores curriculares, el nivel académico, los estilos docentes, entre otros(AU)

Introduction: This article characterized the learning styles of 141 students of the Occupational Therapy and Phonoaudiology majors at University of Antofagasta, in order to generate information not available that contributes to the pedagogical model of the institution and to the improvement of the teaching-learning process. Objective: To generate information not available and which the learning styles provide to the pedagogical model of the institution and for the improvement of the teaching-learning process. Methods: Through the Honey-Alonso Learning Styles Questionnaire and, in order to describe the outcomes obtained, we considered the general scale of preference in learning styles by Alonso et al (1994) and student scores according to academic level or course. Results: The learning styles of the students of both majors showed a mixed behavior; namely, in the Phonoaudiology major, students from the second, third and fifth academic years had preferably reflective learning styles; only in the first academic year there was a tendency towards the theoretical style, with moderate preferences. In the Occupational Therapy major, students from the first and third academic years demonstrated preferably theoretical learning styles with a deviation, in the second academic year, towards the pragmatic style, all with high preferences. Conclusions: The learning styles studied are different in both majors and influenced by curricular factors, academic level, teaching styles, among others(AU)

Behaviour-based functional and dysfunctional strategies of medical students to cope with burnout.

BACKGROUND: High levels of burnout rates amongst medical students have been confirmed by numerous studies from diverse contexts. This study aims to explore the functional and dysfunctional coping strategies of medical students with regard to their respective burnout factors. METHODS: About 845 medical students in the 3rd, 6th, and 9th semesters and students in their final year were invited to take part in the survey. The self-administered questionnaire included items on potential functional and dysfunctional behavioural-based coping strategies as well as the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Version (MBI-SS). In addition, a comparison of the local results with a German reference sample involving other students was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 597 medical students (70.7%) participated in the cross-sectional study. The results showed high burnout rates, averaging 35%. Students in earlier stages of university education showed lower values for cynicism (a subdimension of burnout), but higher values for emotional exhaustion than students in higher stages. Concerning academic efficacy, there was a trend towards less efficient perception among students in higher education. The identified functional coping strategies were 'seeking support from friends', 'seeking support from family', 'doing relaxing exercise', 'doing sports' and 'seeking support from fellow students'. The identified dysfunctional coping strategies were 'taking tranquilizers', 'taking stimulants', 'drinking alcohol', 'withdrawal and ruminating', and 'playing games on the PC or mobile phone'. The medical students surveyed are more affected by burnout symptoms like emotional exhaustion than the reference populations, but the overall result was difficult to interpret. CONCLUSIONS: The identified behavioural-based functional coping strategies suggest that social support and active relaxing exercises seem to be very important possibilities for medical students to reduce stress and exhaustion. The use of drugs and alcohol for stress reduction raises concerns. Programs are recommended to improve resilient behaviour and to impart the identified functional coping strategies to medical students.

On the Development of Perfectionism: The Longitudinal Role of Academic Achievement and Academic Efficacy.

OBJECTIVE: Although perfectionism is a prominent personality disposition, only a few longitudinal studies have investigated how perfectionism develops. Theoretical models and qualitative studies have posited that academic success is a developmental antecedent of perfectionism. Yet, quantitative studies tend to interpret the cross-sectional relationships as academic success being an outcome of perfectionism. In light of these gaps in the literature, the present study was the first to investigate the longitudinal relationships between perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, academic achievement, and academic efficacy by examining academic success as an antecedent of perfectionism. METHOD: The study examined 487 adolescents (aged 12-19 years, 54% female) using a cross-lagged longitudinal design with three time points spaced 4-5 months apart. RESULTS: Results showed that academic achievement predicted relative increases in both perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns, even when including academic efficacy. In addition, academic efficacy predicted relative increases in perfectionistic strivings. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to show that academic achievement is a common factor in the development of perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns, whereas academic efficacy plays a role only in the development of perfectionistic strivings. Implications of the findings for the development of perfectionism are discussed.

Modelo para los análisis de promoción / A model for the analysis of graduation years

Introducción: las universidades médicas cubanas tienen en los análisis sistemáticos de sus índices de promoción por asignaturas, disciplinas, semestres, años y carreras; un procedimiento gerencial y científico de retroalimentación y perfeccionamiento sistemático de su eficiencia y eficacia académicas.Objetivos: indagar en aquellas variables de mayor incidencia en la determinación de la promoción y diseñar un modelo para los análisis de promoción.MÉTODOS: se trabajó con el universo de directivos del proceso docente y de profesores titulares de la universidad de ciencias médicas de Villa Clara; de los cuales se tomó mediante muestreo intencional un total de 27 profesores titulares y ocho directivos. Se aplicaron procedimientos teóricos y empíricos pertinentes.Resultados: se identificaron cinco variables de utilidad para los análisis de promoción y un conjunto de indicadores por variables para orientar este proceso. Además se determinó un conjunto de ideas que pueden llegar a conformar estándares de calidad de estos análisis.Conclusiones: se diseñó y elaboró un modelo para la realización de los análisis de promoción desde una concepción más abarcadora y sustentado en criterios científicos y metodológicos propios de la dirección del proceso docente educativo del pregrado de las ciencias médicas; con el cual se pretende aportar nuevos elementos de análisis que tributan a la eficiencia y eficacia académicas(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba, Medical Schools follow a managerial procedure, a scientific feedback, academic efficiency and efficacy. This is achieved by a systematic analysis in every subject, semesters, years, and careers.Objective: To conduct a research in variables of more impact that affect or determine the promotion of students, and to design a new method to analyze the quality of the educational system.Method: The research was conducted with the help of Honorific professors from the Medical School in Villa Clara. A total of 27 Full Professor and 8 staff members, each of them were intentionally selected. It was applied theoretical and empirical procedures.Result: Five variables were identified that are useful when analyzing the promotion of students. In consequence, it was found a set of pointers in each variable that are helpful to guide this process. Besides that, several ideas from this research were recognized as quality standards in this study.Conclusion : It was designed and elaborated a new method with the purpose of analyzing the promotion of students from a wide point of view. The new system is embraced and supported by scientific and methodological criteria. The main goal is to bring new elements that would support the academic efficiency and efficacy(AU)

Modelo para los análisis de promoción / A model for the analysis of graduation years

INTRODUCCIÓN: las universidades médicas cubanas tienen en los análisis sistemáticos de sus índices de promoción por asignaturas, disciplinas, semestres, años y carreras; un procedimiento gerencial y científico de retroalimentación y perfeccionamiento sistemático de su eficiencia y eficacia académicas. OBJETIVOS: indagar en aquellas variables de mayor incidencia en la determinación de la promoción y diseñar un modelo para los análisis de promoción. MÉTODOS: se trabajó con el universo de directivos del proceso docente y de profesores titulares de la universidad de ciencias médicas de Villa Clara; de los cuales se tomó mediante muestreo intencional un total de 27 profesores titulares y ocho directivos. Se aplicaron procedimientos teóricos y empíricos pertinentes. RESULTADOS: se identificaron cinco variables de utilidad para los análisis de promoción y un conjunto de indicadores por variables para orientar este proceso. Además se determinó un conjunto de ideas que pueden llegar a conformar estándares de calidad de estos análisis. CONCLUSIONES: se diseñó y elaboró un modelo para la realización de los análisis de promoción desde una concepción más abarcadora y sustentado en criterios científicos y metodológicos propios de la dirección del proceso docente educativo del pregrado de las ciencias médicas; con el cual se pretende aportar nuevos elementos de análisis que tributan a la eficiencia y eficacia académicas.

INTRODUCTION: In Cuba, Medical Schools follow a managerial procedure, a scientific feedback, academic efficiency and efficacy. This is achieved by a systematic analysis in every subject, semesters, years, and careers. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a research in variables of more impact that affect or determine the promotion of students, and to design a new method to analyze the quality of the educational system. METHOD: The research was conducted with the help of Honorific professors from the Medical School in Villa Clara. A total of 27 Full Professor and 8 staff members, each of them were intentionally selected. It was applied theoretical and empirical procedures. RESULT: Five variables were identified that are useful when analyzing the promotion of students. In consequence, it was found a set of pointers in each variable that are helpful to guide this process. Besides that, several ideas from this research were recognized as quality standards in this study. CONCLUSION : It was designed and elaborated a new method with the purpose of analyzing the promotion of students from a wide point of view. The new system is embraced and supported by scientific and methodological criteria. The main goal is to bring new elements that would support the academic efficiency and efficacy.

Racial-ethnic Identity in Context: Examining Mediation of Neighborhood Factors on Children's Academic Adjustment.

Research consistently shows that neighborhood socio-demographic characteristics and residents' neighborhood perceptions matter for youth well-being, including a positive sense of racial-ethnic identity. Although elementary-school children are likely in the earlier phases of identity formation, the authors examined whether objective and subjective neighborhood characteristics are related to their racial-ethnic identity and, in turn, their academic adjustment. A diverse sample (30.4% African American, 35.2% White, 12.3% Latino, & 22.0% Other) of 227 children in Grades 2 through 5 were surveyed in afterschool programs. Bivariate correlations showed that youth living in disadvantaged neighborhoods reported more barriers due to their race-ethnicity, but these barriers were not related to their sense of academic efficacy. Residing in a disadvantaged neighborhood was unrelated to youth's academic self-efficacy. However, path analyses showed that positive neighborhood perceptions were associated with a stronger sense of race-ethnicity (i.e., affirmation and belonging), which was in turn related to greater academic efficacy. These results suggest that neighborhood connection provides a source of affirmation and value for young children, helping them to understand who they are as part of a racial-ethnic group and helping to foster a sense of future achievement opportunities. This study provides additional evidence that along with other important proximal contexts (e.g., family, school), young children's neighborhood context is important for development. Results are discussed to highlight environmental influences on young children's awareness of race-ethnicity and the implications of the combined impact of neighborhood and racial-ethnic identity on psychosocial adjustment.

Parental involvement in homework: relations with parent and student achievement-related motivational beliefs and achievement.

BACKGROUND: Parental involvement in homework is a home-based type of involvement in children's education. Research and theory suggest that it is beneficial for learning and achievement under certain conditions and for particular groups of individuals. AIMS: The study examined whether different types of parents' involvement in homework (autonomy support, control, interference, cognitive engagement) (1) are predicted by their mastery and performance goals for their child and their beliefs of the child's academic efficacy, and (2) predict student achievement goal orientations, efficacy beliefs, and achievement. Grade-level differences were also investigated. SAMPLE: The sample consisted of 282 elementary school (5th grade) and junior high school students (8th grade) and one of their parents. METHODS: Surveys were used for data collection. Structural equation modelling was applied for data analysis. RESULTS: (1) Autonomy support during homework was predicted by parent mastery goal, parents' control and interference by their performance goal and perceptions of child efficacy, and cognitive engagement as supplementary to homework by parent perceptions of child efficacy. (2) Parental autonomy support, control, and interference were differentially associated with student mastery and performance goal orientations, whereas parent cognitive engagement was associated with student efficacy beliefs. (3) The structural model was the same for elementary and junior high school students but the latent means for a number of variables were different. CONCLUSION: Different types of parental involvement in homework were associated with different outcomes with parent autonomy support to be the most beneficial one.

Perfectionism, Achievement Goals, and Academic Efficacy in Medical Students / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: This study explored the interrelationships between perfectionism, achievement goals, and academic efficacy, hypothesizing that perfectionism and achievement goals affected academic efficacy in medical students. Of the 400 medical students surveyed from three universities in Seoul, 228 completed and returned the questionnaires yielding a total response rate of 57%. Their average age was 23.28 years. METHODS: Measures of students' perfectionism, achievement goals, and academic efficacy were obtained. Exploratory factor analyses were used to measure dimensions of perfectionism (adaptive and maladaptive) and achievement goals (mastery, performance-approach, and performanceavoidance). Both scales confirmed the three subscales of achievement goals and two subscales of perfectionism through Principal Component Analyses and internal consistency testing. Structural equation modelling techniques were used to test the relationships among the variables. RESULTS: It was found that adaptive perfectionism positively influenced students' academic efficacy directly and indirectly via their mastery and performance-approach goals. Moreover, maladaptive perfectionism influenced their academic efficacy indirectly via their performanceapproach goals. However, maladaptive perfectionism did not influence their academic efficacy directly or indirectly via performance-avoidance goal. CONCLUSION: Medical educators need to be aware that encouraging students toward adaptive perfectionism, which is psychologically less stressful, is valuable given these findings. Perhaps learning environments could be developed to enhance students' adaptive perfectionism, mastery and performance-approach goals, and subsequently academic efficacy.