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1.
Clin. biomed. res ; 36(2): 80-91, 2016. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-834492

ABSTRACT

As acidúrias D-2-hidroxiglutárica (D-2-HGA) e L-2-hidroxiglutárica (L-2-HGA) são raras doenças neurometabólicas que constituem um grupo de erros inatos do metabolismo. Essas doenças são causadas pela deficiência das atividades enzimáticas da D-2-hidroxiglutarato desidrogenase na D-2-HGA do tipo I ou isocitrato desidrogenase na D-2-HGA do tipo II, e da L-2-hidroxiglutarato desidrogenase na L-2-HGA. Os principais achados clínicos nos pacientes caracterizam-se por sintomas neurológicos, como convulsões, coma e atrofia cerebral. Também ocorrem lesões cerebrais nos gânglios da base (D-2-HGA, L-2-HGA) e cerebelo (L-2-HGA). Bioquimicamente, essas acidúrias caracterizam-se por acúmulo em tecidos e elevada excreção urinária dos ácidos D-2-hidroxiglutárico (na D-2-HGA) e L-2-hidroxiglutárico (na L-2-HGA). Ainda, uma terceira variante bioquímica da acidúria, a D,L-2-hidroxiglutárica (D,L-2-HGA), é caracterizada por excreção aumentada de ambos enantiômeros do ácido 2-hidroxiglutárico. Em modelo animal, estudos de toxicidade dos ácidos D e L-2-hidroxiglutárico mostraram injúria cerebral, mas não foi elucidado o mecanismo exato causador do dano. Além disso, altos níveis dos ácidos D e L-2-hidroxiglutárico foram encontrados em tumores cerebrais. No entanto, a relação entre a acidúria e o câncer ainda precisa ser esclarecida. Tendo em vista a gravidade da doença, este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer uma revisão bibliográfica acerca do tema, enfatizando as consequências do metabolismo, principalmente para o tecido cerebral, bem como apontar possíveis abordagens terapêuticas.


The D-2-hydroxyglutaric (D-2-HGA) and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acidurias (L-2-HGA) are rare neurometabolic diseases that form a group of inborn errors of metabolism. They are caused by a deficiency on the enzyme activities of D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase in D-2-HGA type I or isocitrate dehydrogenase in D-2-HGA type II, and L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase in L-2-HGA. The main clinical findings in affected patients are related to neurological symptoms, such as convulsions, coma and brain atrophy. Brain injuries also occur in the basal ganglia (D-2-HGA, L-2-HGA) and cerebellum (L-2-HGA). These acidurias are biochemically characterized by the accumulation in tissues and increased urinary excretion of D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (in D-2-HGA) and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (in L-2-HGA). Still, a third biochemical variant of aciduria, called D,L-2-hydroxyglutaric (D,L-2-HGA), is characterized by increased excretion of both enantiomers of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid. In an animal model, toxicity studies on D- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acids showed brain injury, but the exact mechanism of brain damage was not elucidated. Furthermore, high levels of D- and L-2-hydroxyglutaric acids were found in brain tumors. However, the relationship between cancer and aciduria still needs to be clarified. In view of the severity of the disease, this study aimed to do a literature review on the topic, emphasizing metabolic consequences, particularly for the brain tissue, as well as to identify possible therapeutic approaches.


Subject(s)
Humans , Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors , Brain Neoplasms
2.
Invest. clín ; 50(3): 369-375, sept. 2009. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-564791

ABSTRACT

La aciduria D-2-hidroxiglutárica (D-2-HGA), es una aciduria orgánica cerebral, caracterizada por la acumulación de concentraciones anormales de ácido D-2-hidroxiglutárico en orina, sangre y líquido cefalorraquídeo. El fenotipo clínico es variable, observándose desde una encefalopatía epiléptica severa hasta una forma asintomática. Las imágenes de resonancia magnética de los pacientes afectados, frecuentemente muestran signos de retardo en la maduración cerebral, anomalías ventriculares y la presencia de quistes subependimarios en los primeros meses de vida. A continuación presentamos las alteraciones clínicas, bioquímicas y de neuroimagen de dos pacientes con aciduria D-2-hidroxiglutárica. Uno de los pacientes se presentó con una encefalopatía epiléptica severa de inicio temprano, marcada hipotonía, déficit visual, retardo en el desarrollo y signos neuroradiológicos anormales. El segundo paciente presentó hipotonía severa y retardo psicomotor. Nuestros hallazgos refuerzan el fenotipo descrito de este desorden neurometabólico hereditario poco frecuente. El diagnóstico se fundamentó en las alteraciones clínicas y el patrón de neuroimagen y se confirmó con la detección del ácido D-2-hidroxiglutárico en fluidos biológicos. Sugerimos considerar la aciduria D-2-hidroxiglutárica en el diagnóstico diferencial de todo recién nacido o lactante con encefalopatía epiléptica y disfunción del CNS de origen desconocido.


D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D-2-HGA) is a cerebral organic aciduria characterized by the accumulation of abnormal amounts of D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and urine. The clinical phenotype varies widely from neonatal severe epileptic encephalopathy to asymptomatic. Magnetic resonance imaging of affected patients typically show signs of delayed cerebral maturation, ventricular abnormalities and the presence of sub-ependymal cysts in the first months of life. We present clinical, biochemical and brain magnetic resonance imaging data of two pediatric patients with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. One patient presented with severe early infantile-onset epileptic encephalopathy, marked hypotonia, visual deficit, developmental delay and abnormal neuroradiological findings; while the other had hypotonia and development delay. Our findings reinforce the described phenotype of this rare neurometabolic inherited disorder. The diagnostic approach is based on clinical findings and the neuroimaging pattern and is established by the detection of D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in body fluids. We suggest considering D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria in the differential diagnosis of any neonate or infant with epileptic encephalopathy and CNS dysfunction of unknown origin.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , Acidosis, Renal Tubular , Creatinine/urine , Brain Diseases/pathology , Epilepsy/pathology , Muscle Hypotonia/urine , Metabolism , Neurology
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