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1.
Micromachines (Basel) ; 12(9)2021 Aug 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34577656

ABSTRACT

Piezoelectric actuators based on bridge displacement amplifying mechanisms are widely used in precision driving and positioning fields. The classical bridge mechanism relies on structural flexibility to realize the return stroke, which leads to the low positioning accuracy of the actuator. In this paper, a series bridge mechanism is proposed to realize a bidirectional active drive; the return stroke is driven by a piezoelectric stack rather than by the flexibility of the structure. By analyzing the parameter sensitivity of the bridge mechanism, the series actuation of the bridge mechanism is optimized and the static and dynamic solutions are carried out by using the finite element method. Compared with the hysteresis loop of the piezoelectric stack, the displacement curve of the proposed actuator is symmetric, and the maximum nonlinear error is improved. The experimental results show that the maximum driving stroke of the actuator is 129.41 µm, and the maximum nonlinear error is 5.48%.

2.
Rev. latinoam. psicopatol. fundam ; 6(3): 30-42, jul.-set. 2003.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-792844

ABSTRACT

Este artigo pretende investigar a clínica com bebês desde o ponto de vista da depressão materna. Primeiro, avaliando os efeitos da depressão materna e de crises agudas de angústia da mãe sobre o bebê recémnascido. Segundo, investigando as reações do bebê à depressão, partindo da observação de que, ao contrário do que se pensa normalmente, os bebês são capazes de reagir, defender-se e oferecer saídas em condições de intensa carga afetiva, tal como o são a depressão ou crises de angústia excessiva, como o pânico. Elabora-se, então, a hipótese de o bebê funcionando como um “anteparo à angústia materna” e minimizando os efeitos da angústia para a mãe e para si. Tal hipótese traz novas e importantes aberturas para a clínica, uma vez que permite que novas formas de intervenção sejam realizadas diretamente com os bebês, ampliando assim o horizonte clínico e criando indagações ainda incipientes no tocante à psicopatologia e metapsicologia psicanalíticas.


Este artículo pretende investigar la clínica con bebés desde el punto de vista de la depresión materna. Primero, evaluando los efectos de la depresión materna y de crisis agudas de angustia de la madre sobre el bebé recién nacido. Segundo, investigando las reacciones del bebe a la depresión, partiendo de la observación de que, al contrario de lo que se piensa normalmente, los bebés son capaces de reaccionar, defenderse y ofrecer salidas, en condiciones de intensa carga afectiva, como lo son la depresión o las crisis de angustia excesivas como el pánico. Se elabora así la hipótesis del bebé funcionando como una “pantalla a la angustia materna”, minimizando los efectos de la angustia para la madre y para sí. Tal hipótesis trae nuevas e importantes aperturas para la clínica, una vez que permite que las nuevas formas de intervención sean realizadas directamente con los bebés, ampliando así el horizonte clínico y criando indagaciones aún incipientes en lo que se refiere a la psicopatología y la metapsicología psicoanalítica.


Cet article vise à investiguer la clinique des bébés du point de vue de la dépression maternelle. Premièrement, en évaluant les effets de la dépression maternelle et des crises d’angoisse aigues de la mère sur le nouveau né. Deuxièmement, en investiguant les réactions du bébé à la dépression, en partant de l’observation que, au contraire de ce que l’on pense habituellement, les bébés sont capables de réagir, de se défendre et de trouver des issues en cas de surcharge affective, telle que la dépression ou les crise d’angoisse excessive, comme la panique. On élabore alors l’hypothèse d’un bébé fonctionnant comme une “paroi contre l’angoisse maternelle” et minimisant les effets de l’angoisse pour lui-même et pour sa mère. Une telle hypothèse apporte de nouvelles et importantes ouvertures pour la clinique, dès lors qu’elle permet que de nouvelles formes d’interventions soient directement réalisées avec les bébés, élargissant de la sorte l’horizon clinique et créant des interrogations sur la psychopathologie et la métapsychologie psychanalytiques.


This article describes research in the area of clinical work with babies from the perspective of the mother’s depression. First the article evaluates the effects of maternal depression and of acute anxiety crises suffered by mothers regarding their newborn babies. Second, the baby’s reactions to its mother’s depression is analyzed, based on the observation that, in contrast to what is usually thought, babies are able to react, defend themselves, and come up with solutions under conditions of intense affective atmospheres, such as depression, anxiety crises or panic. The author posits the hypothesis that the baby functioning as a “shield against its mother’s anxiety,” minimizing the effects of the anxiety for the mother and for itself. This hypothesis brings up new and important inroads for the clinical work, since it enables new forms of intervention to be carried out directly with babies, thus expanding the horizon of clinical work and bringing up still incipient questions regarding psychopathology and psychoanalytic metapsychology.

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