Medida socioeducativa de liberdade assistida: cartografia de redes (sociotécnicas) / Socio-educational measure of assisted freedom: cartography of (sociotechnical) networks / Medida socioeducativa de libertad asistida: cartografía de las redes (sociotécnicas)

Este artigo propõe uma análise sobre a rede de políticas públicas envolvidas no atendimento de adolescentes em Medida Socioeducativa de Liberdade Assistida (LA), utilizando-se de uma análise a partir da Teoria-Ator-Rede (TAR) proposta por Latour (2006). Analisou-se que cada adolescente pesquisado produz e é produzido pela rede em que se conecta, em um jogo de força que estabiliza e desestabiliza configurações e situações e provoca movimentos. Essa rede é composta por atores humanos e não-humanos que os produzem enquanto sujeitos, destacando-se a LA, a qual tem um caráter socializador e de responsabilização e busca assegurar alguns direitos, o que demanda a implicação de outras políticas públicas. É no desabrochar de um trabalho interdisciplinar que se analisa o potencial para ampliação das experiências e a inserção de novos agentes para a emergência de novas tramas na rede de produção destes adolescentes.(AU)

The idea of this article is to discuss the network of public policies involved in the care of adolescents in Socio-educational Measures of Assisted Freedom (LA), using an analysis based on the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) proposed by Latour (2006). We analyzed that each researched adolescent produces and is produced by the network in which he is connected, in a game of force that stabilizes and destabilizes configurations and situations and causes movements. This network is composed of human and non-human actors that produce them as subjects, highlighting LA, which has a socializing character and also of responsibility, and seeks to ensure some rights, which demands the implication of other public policies. It is in the development of an interdisciplinary work that we analyze the potential for expansion of experiences and the insertion of new agents for the emergence of new plots in the production network of these adolescents.(AU)

La idea del artículo es discurrir sobre la red de políticas públicas involucradas en la atención de adolescentes en Medida Socioeducativa de Libertad Asistida (LA), utilizando un análisis a partir de la Teoría Actor-Red (TAR) propuesta por Latour (2006). Se analizó que cada adolescente investigado produce y es producido por la red en que se conecta, en un juego de fuerza que estabiliza y desestabiliza configuraciones y situaciones y provoca movimientos. Esta red se compone por actores humanos y no humanos que los producen como sujetos, destacándose la LA, la cual tiene un carácter socializador y de responsabilización y busca asegurar algunos derechos, lo que demanda la implicación de otras políticas públicas. Es en el desarrollo de un trabajo interdisciplinario que se analiza el potencial para ampliar las experiencias y la inserción de nuevos agentes para la emergencia de nuevas tramas en la red de producción de estos adolescentes.(AU)

The overuse of intrapartum cardiotocography (CTG) for low-risk women: An actor-network theory analysis of data from focus groups.

BACKGROUND: There is an overuse of cardiotocography for intrapartum fetal monitoring for low-risk women in high-income countries, despite recommendations from evidence-based guidelines. AIM: To understand why midwives use cardiotocography for low-risk women despite evidence-based recommendations and to understand the roles of the cardiotocograph machine. METHOD: This qualitative study used focus groups for data collection. Thirty-one midwives and three student midwives participated from four different countries: New Zealand, Australia, Denmark, and Norway. Constant comparative analysis, informed by an actor-network theory framework, was the method of data analysis. FINDINGS: Cardiotocography was multifaceted and influenced all attendants in the birth environment. The cardiotocograph itself is assigned different roles within the complex networks surrounding childbirth. The cardiotocograph's roles were as a babysitter, the midwives' partner, an agent of shared responsibility, a protector that 'covers your back', a disturber of normal birth, and a requested guest. DISCUSSION: The application of the actor-network theory enabled us to understand how midwives perceive cardiotocography. The assigned roles of the cardiotocograph shape its everyday use more than evidence-based guidelines. Discussion of these inconsistencies must inform the use of cardiotocography in the care of women with low-risk pregnancies. CONCLUSION: We found that the cardiotocograph is a multifaceted actant that influences practice by performing different roles. Drawing on this study, we suggest that actor-network theory could be a helpful theoretical perspective to critically reflect upon the increasing use of technologies within maternity care.

Reality Construction of Disaster Discourses on Twitter: Analysis of Corpus-Assisted Discourse Study on Forest Fires in Indonesia From 2014-2019.

This paper takes the form of a case study of forest fires that occurred in Indonesia from 2014 to 2019 and were reported on the social media of Twitter. The study was a corpus-assisted discourse study (CADS) using data scraping or text mining on Twitter based on the keyword "kebakaran hutan" [forest fire] and discourse analysis. The actor-network theory was used to map the actors involved. This study concludes that five discourses show a consistently large pattern of Twitter users responding to the problem of forest fires in Indonesia. Regarding the actors, the government takes an essential role of leadership and information arbitrage on Twitter. Seeing as it is the state's responsibility to ensure the safety of all people, the government must appear to be the main holder of control in managing disaster information traffic to avoid irresponsible information or hoaxes disseminated by parties or actors. These results indicate that the availability of information obtained from every conversation of Twitter users can be used as a study or input in the formulation of evidence-based policy about forest fires. It should be given more attention as an alternative means of solving the issue of forest fires, which has become an annual problem in Indonesia.

Nous rapportons ici l'étude des feux de forêts survenus en Indonésie entre 2014 et 2019, tels que rapportés sur Twitter. Nous réalisé une analyse lexicographique des tweets repérés par les mots clés « feux de forêts ¼, à partir des captures d'écran. Les acteurs impliqués ont été cartographiés selon la théorie sociologique de l'acteur-réseau. On peut alors répartir la grande majorité des utilisateurs de Twitter dans 5 catégories. Le gouvernement a des rôles d'information et de modération majeurs dans ce contexte. Ayant pour responsabilité d'assurer la sécurité de la population, il doit apparaître comme le régulateur principal du corpus de l'information, en évitant la dissémination de canulars et autres infoxes. L'ensemble des informations relayées par Twitter peut être utilisé pour construire un discours objectif qui pourrait être utilisé dans la gestion du problème des feux de forêts, qui se reproduisent chaque année en indonésie.

On the character and production of 'active participation' in neuro-rehabilitation: an Actor-Network perspective.

The importance of patients' active involvement in neuro-rehabilitation after acquired brain injury has been consistently emphasised in recent years. However, most approaches fail to show how 'active participation' is practically enacted, focusing on individualised explanations of patient choice and behaviours, or notions of inherent patient traits. Using actor-network theory (ANT) as a sensitising concept, we investigated neuro-rehabilitation practices, asking how participation is shaped through biological and socio-material specificities, how rights to knowledge and expertise are constructed, and how a body acclimatises and adjusts within an order of participation and transformation. We analysed video-recorded fieldwork extracts, examining the work of adjusting, testing and transforming; the construction of competence and incompetence; and material and social processes involved in the division of the body and its re-composition. Our findings show how an ANT-sensitised approach provides a critical understanding and context-specific characterisation of 'active participation', produced through the association of heterogeneous actors at any one time. Such specificity and the distribution of work suggest that efforts to account for optimum therapy 'dosages', and clinical attention to establishing individually-located levels of 'self-efficacy' or 'motivation' are misdirected. The performance of 'active participation', rather, should be re-imagined as a product of diverse, mutually attuned entities. A Virtual Abstract of this paper can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_979cmCmR9rLrKuD7z0ycA.

Fetishes and factishes: Durkheim and Latour.

This paper defends the concept of 'fetishism' as an explanatory parameter in sociological theorizing on Durkheimian grounds, while at the same time paying due attention to important insights regarding the role of objects in social life, originating from Actor-Network Theory (ANT). It critically assesses the current critique of the concept of fetishism propagated by ANT protagonist Bruno Latour. Latour and suggests a compromise between these two 'schools'. First, to place the paper firmly in context, I analyse some examples of modern fetishism and outline the themes of the ensuing discussion. Next, I turn to Durkheim, seeking to develop a distinct interpretation of the concept of the social and of fetishism, and then point to some of Durkheim's shortcomings and attempt to make room for Latourian perspectives. Finally, I critically assess Latour's dismissal of forms of social 'explanation' and of the concept of fetishism.

La prueba PISA: una mirada alternativa desde la Teoría del Actor-Red / The PISA test: an Actor-Network Theory alternative approach

En el marco de la proliferación de las evaluaciones estandarizadas, inscritas en lo que ha sido conceptualizado por la literatura como políticas de accountability o de rendición de cuentas, se ofrece por medio de este artículo una línea de pensamiento y discusión alternativa sobre la prueba PISA2. Utilizando como enfoque la Teoría del Actor-Red (TAR) de Bruno Latour, se presentan ejercicios de traslación epistémica de la prueba PISA desde un modelo de pensamiento positivista moderno, a uno materialista pragmático en el que se privilegia una descripción constructivista y analítica de los componentes que la constituyen. En base al seguimiento y análisis de noticias sobre la prueba PISA desplegadas en diarios electrónicos en Chile y Argentina, más la revisión de fuentes secundarias, se exponen algunas de las controversias suscitadas en torno a la evaluación y se discute sobre su posible impacto en nuestras percepciones sobre educación y calidad. También se problematiza el carácter neutral y objetivo de la prueba, y se levanta la pregunta acerca de su posible agencia en la cristalización de las relaciones de centro-periferia entre países que, en el marco del enfoque de la TAR, tiene sentido explorar...

In the context of the proliferation of standardized testing, circumscribed by what has been conceptualized in the literature as “accountability policies”, the aim of this paper is to offer an alternative line of thought and discussion on the PISA test. Using the approach of Bruno Latour’s actor-network theory (ANT), I present exercises on epistemic translation of the PISA test from a modern-positivist model of thought to a materialistic-pragmatic one, in which a constructivist and analytical description of its constituent components is preferred. Based on the monitoring and analysis of news reports about PISA in electronic newspapers in Chile and Argentina, plus the review of secondary sources, I describe some of the controversies surrounding the test and discuss its potential impact on our perceptions of education and quality. Additionally, the allegedly neutral and objective character of the test is problematized, and it is raised the question of its possible agency in the crystallization of centerperiphery relations between countries which, in the framework of the ANT approach, makes sense to explore...

¿Bajo las riendas del teléfono móvil? Control social, normalización y resistencia / Sob as rédeas do telefone móvel? Controle social, normalização e resistência / Under the reins of mobile phone? Social control, normalization and resistance

Los teléfonos móviles son una tecnología constitutiva de las relaciones sociales, inclusiva y cuyas prácticas asociadas participan en la formación del sujeto común en nuestros días, por medio del control social, la normalización y la resistencia, mecanismos que no han sido suficientemente abordados y de los que pretendemos dar cuenta con este trabajo. A partir de los conceptos de poder y resistencia, tácticas y estrategias, y preformatividad, analizaremos la noción de control social para dar cuenta del objetivo. La técnica utilizada fue grupos de discusión y descripción densa para el análisis. Los resultados indican que el móvil actúa como mediador, en el sentido latouriano: en el acto de 'contactar a alguien' estos dispositivos permiten que pasen o no cosas, modificando las intenciones de su uso, redefiniendo las relaciones, propiciando así efectos de normalización, control social y resistencia. Dichos procesos reaccionan mutuamente: el funcionamiento del poder alimenta la resistencia y viceversa.

Mobile phones are an inclusive technology immersed in social network, whose associated practices participate forming the common subject. Nowadays, they are part of social control, normalization and resistance. These mechanisms have not been studied enough, and explaining them is the aim of this paper. Using concepts like power, tactics, strategies, and performativity, we will explain social control and then account for our aim. For gathering data, discussion groups were used and the analytical approach was thick description. Results indicate that mobile phones act as mediators, in a Bruno Latour sense. It means that in contacting someone those devices allow to happen, or not, different things, for instance, they modify their original intended functions by redefining relationships, and, in turn, favoring normalization, social control, and resistance. These processes produce a mutual reaction: the operation of power feeds resistance, and vice versa.

Os celulares são uma tecnologia constitutiva e inclusiva das relações sociais. Suas práticas associadas participam na formação do sujeito comum em nossos dias por meio do controle social, da normalização e da resistência, mecanismos que não foram suficientemente abordados, os quais pretendemos dar conta com este trabalho. A partir dos conceitos de poder e resistência, performatividade, táticas e estratégias, analisaremos a noção de controle social para dar conta deste objetivo. Foram utilizados grupos de discussão e descrição densa para a análise. Os resultados indicam que o celular atua como mediador, no sentido latouriano: no ato de contatar alguém esses dispositivos permitem que passem ou não coisas, modificando as intenções de seu uso, redefinindo as relações e propiciando, assim, efeitos de normalização, controle social e resistência. Tais processos reagem mutuamente: o funcionamento do poder alimenta a resistência e vice-versa.