Síndrome de compresión medular como manifestación de un carcinoma de células no pequeñas / Spinal cord compression syndrome as a manifestation of a non-small cell carcinoma

Resumen Una complicación importante que ocurre entre 5 y 10% de los pacientes con cáncer es el síndrome de compresión medular que representa una urgencia oncológica. Existe relación entre el cáncer pulmonar y el síndrome de compresión medular, porque puede ocurrir infiltración del cáncer a la columna vertebral. Sin embargo, no es frecuente que ocurra como manifestación inicial. Se comunica el caso de un paciente de 40 años de edad diagnosticado con adenocarcinoma pulmonar que tuvo como manifestación inicial una paraplejía.

Abstract An important complication that occurs between 5 and 10% of patients with cancer is spinal cord compression syndrome that represents an oncological emergency. There is a relationship between lung cancer and spinal cord compression syndrome, because cancer can infiltrate the spine. However, it is not common to occur as an initial manifestation. We report the case of a 40-year-old patient diagnosed with pulmonary adenocarcinoma who had paraplegia as an initial manifestation.

Supervivencia de pacientes con adenocarcinoma pulmonar y mutación en el receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico / Survival of patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma and mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor

Resumen Introducción El carcinoma pulmonar es la causa mayor de muertes por cáncer en el mundo; la expresión del receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGFR) en tejido de carcinoma pulmonar se presenta en la estirpe adenocarcinoma. La utilización de inhibidores de tirosina cinasa que actúan sobre dicho receptor ha incrementado la supervivencia mayor de dos años en pacientes EGFR mutados. Objetivo Conocer el efecto de los inhibidores tirosina cinasa en la supervivencia de pacientes con adenocarcinoma pulmonar y receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico mutado. Material y métodos Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo y transversal en un periodo de dos años (2013 al 2015); fueron incluidos pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de cáncer pulmonar y la presencia de EGFR mutado realizado por FISH (siglas del inglés fluorescent in situ hybridization). La supervivencia se evaluó mediante prueba de Kaplan-Meier, Logrank o regresión de Cox, considerando una significancia estadística asociada a un valor de p ≤ 0.005. Resultados Fueron incluidos 13 pacientes; su edad promedio fue de 66.77 ± 9.356 años, con una mediana de 67 años; 46.2% fueron mujeres y 53.8% hombres. El tipo de deleción más común fue del exón 19 (en un 61.5%); la segunda fue de L858R (en 38.5%). Tres (23%) pacientes eran fumadores y 10 (77%) reportaron no serlo; ocho (61%) presentaron la deleción del exón 19 y cinco (39%) la deleción de L858R. Al final del estudio, seis pacientes habían sobrevivido (46%) y siete murieron (54%). El método de Kaplan-Meier arrojó 21.95 meses (IC 95% 17.3-26.61) de supervivencia.

Abstract Introduction Pulmonary carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world; the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor in lung carcinoma tissue occurs in the adenocarcinoma lineage. The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors that act on said receptor has increased survival beyond two years in mutated EGFR patients. Objective To know the effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the survival of patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma, mutated EGFR. Material and methods An observational, analytical, retrospective, transversal study was conducted over a period of two years (2013 to 2015), including patients with a confirmed diagnosis of lung cancer and the presence of the mutated EGFR performed by FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization). The survival was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier test/Cox regression, considering a statistical significance associated with a p ≤ 0.005. Results Thirteen patients were included; their average age was 66.77 ± 9.356 years, with a median of 67 years; 46.2% were women and 53.8% men. The most common type of deletion was of exon 19 (in 61.5%); the second was of L858R (in 38.5%). Three (23%) patients were smokers and 10 (77%) reported not to be; eight (61%) presented deletion of exon 19 and five (39%) deletion of L858R. By the end of the study, six patients had survived (46%) and seven died (54%). The Kaplan-Meier method showed 21.95 months of survival (95% CI 17.3-26.61).

Iris metastasis as a first manifestation of lung adenocarcinoma. / Metástasis a iris como primera manifestación de adenocarcinoma pulmonar.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of lung adenocarcinoma for which the first clinical manifestation was an iris metastasis. CASE REPORT: A 76-year-old male patient came for consultation referring a «pinkish speck¼ on his right eye. On biomicroscopy examination, a mass was found on the iris of the right eye. Subsequent systemic work-up of the patient revealed a left lung adenocarcinoma. DISCUSSION: Although uncommon, iris metastasis secondary to lung cancer should be part of differential diagnosis in iris tumours.

Hidrocefalia y arcinomatosis leptomeningea secundaria a adenocarcinoma pulmonar / Hydrocephalus and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis secondary to lung adenocarcinoma

La carcinomatosis leptomeningea se diagnostica en aproximadamente un 5% al 7% de los tumores malignos, dentro de los cuales, el mas frecuente es el Carcinoma pulmonar en todos sus subtipos histológicos. Presentamos un caso clínico en el cual el paciente se presenta con un cuadro cefelea, visión borrosa e hidrocefalia de origen idiopático como síntoma inicial. Meses después de la colocación de una derivación Ventriculo-peritoneal, reingresa con un síndrome de desgaste, pérdida de peso, hiporexia, astenia y adinamia, en donde el estudio de necropsia revelo un adenocarcinoma pulmonar poco diferenciado con micrometastasis cerebrales y carcinomatosis leptomeningea.

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis is usually diagnosed in 5% to 7% of the malingnant tumors, which lung cáncer is the most commun cause in all its hystological types. We present a clincal case, where the patient complaints of head ache, blurred visión and where idiopatic hydrocephalus was diagnosed. Months after de Ventricular peritoneal shunt was placed, the patient comes back with lost of weigth, astenia, dysphagia and sensorial disturbances. Autopsy revealed a lung adenocarcinoma with micrometastasis to the brain and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.

[Predictive value of optical coherence tomography on the outcome of lung adenocarcinoma with choroidal metastases]. / Valor predictivo de la tomografía de coherencia óptica en la evolución del adenocarcinoma pulmonar con metástasis coroideas.

CLINICAL CASE: A 59 year-old male, with the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma stage iv, following palliative systemic chemotherapy treatment. He was referred to our department due to bilateral blurred vision. In the eye-fundus we observed: bilateral choroidal metastases with macular involvement, and in optical coherence tomography (OCT): neurosensory detachment in both eyes. This neurosensory detachment showed improvement with chemotherapy before the clinical and radiologic improvement. DISCUSSION: OCT could be a great tool in order to predict the response to systemic treatment in cases of lung adenocarcinoma associated with choroidal metastases.

Adenocarcinoma pulmonar em um bovino / Pulmonary adenocarcinoma in a bovine

Um bovino Guzerá, fêmea, adulto, com histórico de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva direita de duração de duas semanas, morreu durante o transporte ao hospital veterinário. À necropsia, o lobo pulmonar cranial esquerdo estava moderadamente aumentado de tamanho e firme. O parênquima do lobo afetado era branco e continha múltiplas áreas de 0,3 a 1,5cm de diâmetro, amareladas e caseosas. Alterações semelhantes foram observadas nos linfonodos mediastínicos e brônquicos, no pericárdio parietal, no epicárdio e na adventícia da artéria pulmonar. Histologicamente, a massa tecidual do lobo pulmonar era constituída por células epiteliais neoplásicas de padrão acinar, com duas ou mais camadas celulares, algumas com projeções papilares intraluminais. A anisocariose era acentuada, e o índice mitótico, moderado (dois a três por campo de maior aumento). Envolvendo as neoformações, observava-se abundante tecido conjuntivo fibroso. Focos de necrose e mineralização eram multifocais moderados. Alterações histológicas semelhantes foram observadas nos linfonodos brônquicos, nos mediastínicos, nos pericárdios visceral e parietal e na adventícia da artéria pulmonar. Com exceção do fígado com congestão generalizada crônica, não foram observadas alterações macro e microscópicas em outros órgãos. Os achados histológicos foram compatíveis com adenocarcinoma pulmonar, com metástases regionais. O quadro de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva direita provavelmente foi decorrente do impedimento da drenagem linfática pelas metástases.

An adult Guzera cow, dysplaying for two weeks signs of right-sided congestive heart failure died during the transport to the veterinary hospital. At necropsy, the left cranial lung lobe was moderately increased in volume and firm. The parenchyma of the affected lung lobe was white and contained multiple 0.3 to 1.5cm in diameter, yellow, dry, friable nodules. Similar changes were observed in bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, parietal pericardium, epicardium, and adventitia of the pulmonary artery. Microscopically, the pulmonary tissue mass was composed of neoplastic epithelial cells arranged in acini lined by two or more layers, some with intraluminal papillary projections. Anisokaryosis was marked, and mitotic index was moderate (2-3 mitosis in high field). Abundant fibrous connective tissue surrounded the neoplastic cell aggregates. Foci of necrosis and mineralization were moderate. Similar microscopic changes were observed in bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, visceral and parietal pericardium and adventitia of the pulmonary artery. With liver chronic generalized congestion exception, no other macro or microscopic lesions were observed. Microscopic findings were consistent with pulmonary adenocarcinoma with regional metastases. The right-sided congestive heart failure was probably due to obstruction of lymphatic drainage by metastases.

Supervivencia en relación con la edad en cáncer pulmonar de células no pequeñas / Age associated survival rate in non small cell lung cancer

Antecedentes: El cáncer pulmonar es la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo; el de células no pequeñas (NSCLC por sus siglas en inglés) representa 70% de los casos. El comportamiento clínico y la supervivencia pueden variar en función de la edad. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento epidemiológico y supervivencia global en NSCLC en relación con la edad. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo del periodo de enero de 1993 a diciembre de 2007, en pacientes con NSCLC confirmado. Se designaron tres grupos: 1, edad menor o igual a 49 años; 2, 50 a 69 años de edad; 3, 70 años o más. Analizamos edad, ECOG (escala para medir calidad de vida del Eastern Cooperative Oncologic Group), comorbilidad, historia familiar, tabaquismo, etapa clínica, sitios metastásicos, tipo histológico, tratamiento, supervivencia global. Para el análisis se emplearon métodos descriptivos y las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA, χ2, t de Student y Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Se estudiaron 183 pacientes, 23 (12.6%) del grupo 1, 108 (59%) del grupo 2 y 52 (28.4%) del grupo 3. Mediana de edad: 43.2, 61.2 y 75.6 años, respectivamente (p<0.05). Las mujeres predominaron en el grupo 1 (p=0.036). Comorbilidad: 17.4, 55.5 y 76.9% (p=0.000). Tabaquismo positivo: 52.5, 87 y 69.2% (p=0.009). Síntomas: tos (38.9, 25 y 43.6%), dolor torácico (33.3, 41.3, 30.8%) y disnea (33.3, 16.3, 38.5%), p>0.05. El adenocarcinoma fue el tipo más frecuente (78.2, 63.9 y 54.5%). Etapa IIIB (17.4, 23.1, 23.1%) y etapa IV (52.2, 44.4, 50%). Supervivencia global en etapas I y II: 21 meses versus 18 meses en la etapa IIIA (p>0.05); en las etapas IIIB a IV fue 11, 8.5 y 4 meses, respectivamente (p=0.034). Conclusiones: Los jóvenes cursan con enfermedad más agresiva y los mayores de 70 años tienen mayor frecuencia de comorbilidad y ECOG 2. La supervivencia es mayor entre los jóvenes.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, lung cancer is the leading cause of death due to cancer. Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes 70% of cases. Clinical course and survival differ depending of age at diagnosis OBJECTIVE: Determine the epidemiology and survival rate of NSCLC associated with age of onset of the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study between January 1993-January 2007 and included patients with confirmed NSCLC. Three groups were included: group 1: < 49 yrs, group 2: 50-69 yrs, group 3: > 70 yrs. Age, ECOG, comorbidity, family background, smoking, clinical stage, histology, metastatic sites, treatment and overall survival were analyzed. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive methods, Kruskall-Wallis, ANOVA, chi-2, Student's T-test and Kaplan-Meier tests. RESULTS: 183 patients, 23 (12.6%) < 49 years, 108 (59%) from group 2 and 52 cases (28.4%) > 70 yrs. Median age was: 43.2, 61.2 and 75.6 yrs (p < 0.05), respectively. The majority were women (56.4%) in group 1, p= 0.036. Comorbidity: 17.4%, 55.5% and 76.9%, p= 0.000. 52.5% smokers, 87% and 62.9%, p= 0.009. Symptoms included: cough (38.9%, 25%, 43.6%), thoracic pain (33.3%, 41.3%, 30.8%) and dyspnea (33.3%, 16.3%, 38.5%), p > 0.05. Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent type (78.2%, 63.9% and 54.5%). Stage IIIB was observed among 17.4% of patients studied, 23.1%, 23.1% and stage IV 52.2%, 44.4%, 50%, respectively. Median overall survival in stages I and II was 21 months, 18 months in stage IIIA (p > 0.05). Stages IIIB-IV the median overall survival was 11, 8.5 and 4 months respectively (p= 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Younger patients displayed a more aggressive disease course yet also displayed a higher survival rate. Patients over 70 years have a higher incidence of comorbidity and ECOG 2.